3868 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 
produced in great ubundance. The white flowers are called vith-Avnl’ 
and are probably used for some purpose.. The Pomo name is ba-hdm! 
and the Wailaki A7¢. 
Ceanothus integerrimus Hook. & Arn. 
ILe'-be (Concow).—A. blue or white flowered species of the California 
lilac 5 to 12 feet high, which has long, flexible branches, thin, alternate, 
ovate leaves, and elongated racemes of flowers followed by three-lobed 
fruiting capsules. It is common on brushy hillsides, especially in forests 
of yellow pine and Oregon fir. The Concow squaws gather the young 
flexible shoots for the circular withes of baskets, and also collect con- 
siderable quantities of the seed for pinole. The taste of the bark is 
somewhat like that of wintergreen, but I could not learn that it was put 
to any medicinal use, nor could I find that other tribes made use of the 
shrub, The fruiting capsule, exclusive of the seed, is exceedingly 
bitter and would probably repay a chemical investigation. The fruit 
is borne in great abundance. 
Rhamnus californica Esch. 
Hlo-si’ ka-la’ (Yokia).—A bush or small tree 4 to 20 feet high, with 
thin, herbaceous, narrowly elliptical leaves, small green flowers, and 
black, berry-like fruit 4 to 4 an inch in diameter. It grows on rocky 
hillsides and near streams throughout the region and is well known 
there, together with Rhamnus tomentella, as pigeon berry and pigeon 
bark. Wild pigeons eat the berries. Elsewhere the shrub is known 
under the old Spanish name of cascara sagrada (sacred bark), and also 
as coffee berry, the fruit and seeds bearing considerable resemblance 
to those of coffee. Neither is edible. The flowers are borne in the 
greatest profusion and attract one’s attention in passing. either on 
account of their delicate perfume or by the hum of bees, flies, and 
other insects which sip their nectar. The bark is a valuable cathartic 
and kidney remedy. With some of the Yokia it is regarded as almost 
a specific for grippe. Their method of preparation and use, which is 
different from that of other tribes, is as follows: A handful of the 
bark is thrown into a gallon or so of water and boiled ‘‘until it tastes 
like wine.” The bitter taste is said to disappear entirely on long boiling, 
but the extract, if swallowed, is still nauseating and causes dizziness. 
Tt is taken as freely as possible. Three cups is said to have cured a 
man who had such a bad case of mania that he could be held down 
only with the greatest difficulty. The Yuki name is w'-pe or ¢un’-ti; 
the Concow, pd, and the Wailaki shast-/ét'-d. 
Rhamunus purshiana DC. 
This species differs from 2. californica in being usually much taller 
and more tree-like in habit and in having very much longer leaves, 
with a coarser and more prominently veined structure and less narrowly 
