ADMINISTRATION OF TOBTAS. 93 
archives. The spiritual administration of the islands was handed over 
to friars of the order of St. Augustine, who had come as passengers 
on the schooner bringing the decree. This religious order continued 
on the island until its seizure by the United States. 
CROZET’S VISIT. 
The next governor of the Mariannes, Don Mariano Tobias, has been 
immortalized by the Abbé Raynal in his Histoire et politique des étab- 
lissements et du commerce des Européens dans les deux Indes. Raynal 
hated the tyranny and injustice with which primitive nations were so 
often treated, and believed that the rights of individuals should be 
considered even though their skins might be brown and their clothing 
scant. He called attention to glaring acts of cruelty and oppression 
perpetrated by European nations upon the natives of newly colonized 
countries. In consequence of his bold accusations his book was 
condemned to be burned (May 29, 1781), and he was obliged to fly 
from France. 
An interesting account of the island during Tobias’s administration 
is given by Crozet, who visited Guam September 27, 1772.° Crozet 
was an officer of the expedition of the French navigator Marion- 
Dufresne, which left Mauritius on a voyage of discovery in the South 
Seas. On June 8, 1772, Marion was killed and eaten by natives of 
New Zealand by whom he and his men had been invited ashore to a 
feast. The Chevalier du Clesmeur, who commanded one of the vessels, 
left seeds of a number of useful plants at Guam. Among them were 
those of Cujan cajan, which has ever since been called ‘‘lenteja 
francesa” by the natives. Crozet describes the breadfruit tree, the 
manner of its propagation by cuttings, and the preparation of its fruit 
for food. He noticed that cattle are very fond of its leaves. He 
speaks of the edible chestnut-like seeds of the **dugdug,” or fertile 
breadfruit, and mentions the principal fruits growing on the island. 
Guavas already formed thickets in open places. The indigenous capers 
growing near the sea attracted him by the beauty and fragrance of 
their flowers. They had already been transplanted to the Philippines. 
Provisions were so plentiful that it was not necessary to fish, though 
the French sailors caught some fresh-water fishes, including eels, in 
the streams of the island. These were held in less esteem by the 
natives than salt-water fish. Crozet says that Tobias had stimulated 
the natives to cultivate their fields, which they had neglected owing to 
the importation of breadstuff for the missionaries and garrison by the 
galleons from Mexico. He attributes the introduction of the cultiva- 
tion of maize, rice, sugar cane, and other useful plants to Tobias, who 
also planted avenues of coconut palms and breadfruit trees four deep 
«Nouveau Voyage, See List of works, 
