146 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. 
Apra there are inferior varieties of oranges, but in the districts of 
Santa Rosa and Yigo, in the northern part of the island, and in Yofia, 
on the eastern coast, the oranges are excellent. 
Lemons and limes produce continuously in great quantities all the 
year round, Among the introduced Annonaceae the sour sop (A. mu7/- 
cata) is used for making jellies and preserves, and the bullock’s heart 
(A. reticulata) is eaten as a fruit, but it is inferior to the sugar 
apple above mentioned. Citrons, pomelos, shaddocks, and bergamots 
are abundant. Averrhoa carambola, improperly called ‘*bilimbines” 
by the natives of Guam and the Filipinos, bears a translucent oblong 
fruit with the cross section of a five-pointed star, which has a pleasant 
acidulous flavor, Guavas grow spontaneously and produce abundantly. 
Little use is made of the fruit, however, owing to the scarcity of 
sugar on the island. Among introduced trees are the cashew (Anda- 
cardium occidentale, Pl. XXIX) and the tamarind (Zamnarindus 
tndica, Pl. UXVI), neither of which have spread upon the island, but 
which are found only near villages or on the sites of ranches either in 
cultivation or abandoned. 
CoFFEE AND CAcAo.—Coffee and cacao have been introduced and 
thrive well in Guam. Coffee receives little care. It will grow in 
various situations and in almost any soil, and yields abundant harvests. 
Often most of the houses of a village, as at Sinahafia, are seen sur- 
rounded by coffee bushes, and the fresh seeds sprout spontaneously 
beneath the parent plant or if thrown upon the surface of the soil ina 
shady place. There are no large plantations in the island, each family 
planting enough only for its own consumption. The berries are 
gathered, pulped, and hulled by hand. 
The cultivation of cacao is more difficult. The plants are very 
tender. They have a long taproot which is easily broken, and the 
plants do not bear transplanting well. They are very sensative to 
violent winds, and must be planted in sheltered valleys. Both coffee 
and cacao must be protected from the sun when very young. The use 
of shade trees is not necessary in Guam, though, in starting a cacao 
or coffee plantation, the intervening space between the rows of plants 
is usually planted in bananas, which yield fruit and at the same time 
serve to protect the tender young plants from the sun. 
Narcotics. —The principal narcotics cultivated on the island are the 
betel palm and the betel pepper, which grew on the island before the 
discovery, and tobacco, which was introduced by the Spaniards from 
America. The betel palm, although frequently planted by the natives, 
also grows spontaneously. Thousands of young plants may be seen 
in the rich valleys of the southern part of the island where seeds have 
fallen from the palms. The betel pepper is a vine with glossy green 
leaves closely resembling the common black pepper (Piper a/grun). 
It occurs only in a state of cultivation, but requires little care, the 
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