OIL-YIELDING PLANTS. 147 
natives propagating it very easily from cuttings and allowing it to 
creep upon stone walls and to climb over trees. (See Plates XX XV 
and LXIIT.) 
Toddy, or tuba, is a fermented drink made from the sap of the 
coconut. Before the arrival of the Filipinos brought by the early 
Spaniards to assist in the conquest of the islands the use of tuba was 
unknown. Until the arrival of the Americans an inferior brandy was 
distilled from fermented tuba, but its manufacture has been prohibited. 
Nearly every family on the island has its tobacco patch, each raising 
barely enough for its own consumption. The seeds are germinated in 
nurseries and transplanted to spots near the plantations, where they 
are kept shaded by canopies of muslin, and then are set out in fields, 
each plant shaded by the segment of a coconut leaf. All hands assist 
in its cultivation—parents, children, and grandparents—and it requires 
constant attention and no little effort in fighting against weeds and 
tobacco worms to make the crop a success, 
OIL-YIELDING PLANTS.—The coconut is the principal source from 
which the natives derive oil. Coconut oil is used for cooking, light- 
ing, and anointing. In taking the place of lard fresh coconut. oil 
imparts an agreeable flavor to many articles of diet. Nearly every 
house on the island has its patron saint enshrined in a niche or side 
room, with a light of coconut oil burning before it. The oil is con- 
tained in a goblet half filled with water, which keeps the glass cool. 
The wick is supported on a float. Oil used for massaging the body 
(a custom which Guam shares with many Pacific islands) and for 
anointing the hair is often perfumed with flowers of various kinds 
(p. 210). Dried coconut meat, or ‘S copra,” is exported from the island. 
Most of it is used for oil which enters into the manufacture of candles 
and soaps, and is an ingredient of a number of medicines. Among 
other oil yielding plants are the castor bean (22/e/nus conmunis), the 
physic nut (Jutrophe curcas), and the the candle nut CA/eurites molue- 
cana), Which has been sparingly introduced. These plants are all 
members of the Euphorbia family. Their nuts and oil are drastic 
purgatives if taken in quantity, and are poisonous if taken in too great 
doses. The candle nut, called ‘*kukui” in Hawaii and ‘*lama’ in 
Samoa, derives its name from the custom of the ancient Polynesians 
of stringing the roasted kernels on the rib of a coconut leaflet, the 
tip of which is set on fire and burns like a candle, the flame consuming 
the oily kernels as it descends. At all luaus, or native feasts, in the 
Hawaiian Islands, chopped kukui kernels mixed with seaweed form 
an indispensable dish, which takes the place of a relish. In many 
tropical countries illuminating and lubricating oils are made from the 
castor bean and the physic nut, and both of these oils are important 
medicines. 
An oil like that derived from the almond may be obtained from the 
nuts of Zerminaliu cutuppu. Lhe seeds of Moringa moringa are the 
