190 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM, 
paper, growing between the tree and the bark’’ was thattof the breadfruit, though 
it may possibly have been that of the nunu, or banyan. 
Besides using the latex in calking boats, the natives of Guam: find it, when fresh 
and viscid, an excellent medium for mixing paint, and it is a good sizing for white- 
wash, The usual pigments were a red ferruginous earth and lampblack made by 
burning cocoanut shells, The Caroline Islanders still use it with various pigments for 
painting their canoes, and it resists the action of water pretty well, though for this 
purpose it is inferior to oil. 
The wood is of fine yellow color. It is not very hard, but it has the virtue of 
resisting the white ant, and if kept dry it is durable. In Guam it is used for cup- 
boards, shelving, furniture, and for partitions between rooms. It is also used for 
canoes, but as these are not well cared for by the natives and moisture injures the 
wood, they do not last very long. In Samoa the framework of the roofs of all the 
best houses is made of the curved limbs of the breadfruit, beautifully rounded and 
scarped together and wrapped at the joints with coconut sennit. 
Dugdug, the “breadnut,” or seeded variety of the breadfruit, grows everywhere 
in Guam—in the woods, on rocky cliffs, and in low, sandy soil. It is the chief source 
of timber and of gum, the seedless Iémae being too valuable as a fruit tree to be used 
generally for these articles. The fruit of the dugdug is inferior to that of the lémae, 
than which it is softer and more sweetish. It is seldom eaten, but its seeds, called 
“nangka”’ (the name in the Philippines for Artocarpus integrifolia, the “jack-fruit’’), 
are rich in oil and are relished by the natives They are eaten roasted or boiled and 
are much like chestnuts. 
Lémue, being sterile, is propagated from the shoots which spring up around the 
base of the trunk, They readily take root. The dugdug is grown from the seed, 
though it occurs in such abundance on the island that it is not much planted. There 
are a number of varieties of breadfruit recognized by the natives. The species grows 
so readily that it might prove profitable to plant it for the manufacture of stareh or 
‘“arrowroot”’ from the fruit. 
Horses and cattle are very fond of the leaves and bark, so that young trees must 
he protected from them, When pasture is scarce breadfruit leaves are gathered and 
fed to stock; and the fruit is so abundant that it is fed to cattle, horses, and pigs. 
The breadfruit season begins in June and lasts for about five months. This accounts 
for the fact that Pigafetta and several other early navigators who visited Guam 
during the time of the year when it was out of season fail to mention it among the 
fruits which they obtained from the islanders. Magellan visited the island in March, 
Legaspi in January, and the Nassau fleet also in January. In the narrative of the 
latter expedition the cultivation of rice is mentioned (see quotation under Oryza 
sativa), and a food staple so important as breadfruit would surely have been men- 
tioned had it come within the notice of the Dutch. 
The first to record the breadfruit as a food staple of the Marianne Islands was 
Dampier, who has given the following accurate description of it in his New Voyage 
Round the World: 
The Bread-fruit (as we call it) grows on a large Tree, as big and as high as our 
largest Apple-Trees. It hath a spreading head full of branches, and dark leaves. 
The fruit grows on the boughs like Apples: It is as big asa Penny-loaf, when Wheat 
is at five shillings the Bushel. It is of a round shape, and hath a thick tough rind, 
When the fruit is ripe, it is yellow and soft; and the taste is sweet and pleasant. 
The Natives of this Island use it for Bread: they gather it when full grown, while it 
is green and hard; then they bake it in an Oven, which scorcheth the rind and 
makes it black: but they scrape off the outside black crust, and there remains 2 ten- 
der thin crust, and the inside is soft, tender and white, like the crumb of a Penny 
Loaf. There is neither seed nor stone in the inside, but all is of a pure substance 
like Bread: it must be eaten new, for if it is kept above 24 hours, it becomes dry, 
and eats harsh and choaky; but ’tis very pleasant before it is too stale. This fruit 
lasts in season 8 months in the year; during which time the Natives eat no other 
