PIPER—FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 49 
and the “black sunflower” (Wyethia amplexicaulis) often occupy 
large areas in nearly pure growths. 
Along the streams and by springs willows of several species, to- 
gether with a thorn (Crataegus brevispina) form thick copses. Occa- 
sionally aspens (Populus tremuloides) and cottonwood (P. tricho- 
carpa) form groves. The commoner undershrubs are snowberry 
(Symphoricarpos racemosus) , roses (fosa nuthkana and FP. pisocarpa), 
and gooseberries (/?zbes inerme and FR. irriguum). Intermingled 
with these are other shrubs of less importance. Occasionally, how- 
ever, the birch (Betula microphylla) is the most abundant shrub. 
The accompanying herbaceous vegetation is richer and more varied 
than on the hills, but the individuals are relatively less abundant. 
Among the more conspicuous are: 
Castilleja miniata. Solidago scrotina. 
Clematis hirsutissima. Urtiea lyallii. 
Heracleum lanatum. Urtiea holosericea. 
Lupinus leucophyllus. Valeriana ceratophylla, 
Sidalcea oregana. ; Veratrum californicum, 
The north hillsides flora consists mainly of plants found in the 
“ draws,” though there are several species which, while not entirely 
confined to the north hillsides, flourish there especially well. Such 
are the adder’s tongue (L’rythronium grandifiorum), blueberry (Vac- 
cintum cespitosum), Trillium petiolatum, and Capnorea villosula. 
The scablands, which as before stated lie mainly between the zone 
of sagebrush and that of bunchgrass, possess in large part the flora 
of the latter. A few species, however, are quite characteristic of 
these basaltic outcroppings. One of these is a service-berry (Amelan- 
chier cusickii) which often occurs in the cracks of basalt crags. The 
rock-rose or bitterroot (Lewisia rediviva) occurs abundantly in the 
crevices of “scab,” making a brave show with its beautiful rose- 
colored flowers. Where a thin soil is formed, the scabland sagebrush 
(Artemisia rigida) often occurs in considerable areas. Other plants 
usually found only in scablands are: 
Arabis cusickii. Lomatium grayt. 
Eriogonum thymoides. Lomatium macrocarpum., 
Lomatium canbyi, Talinum spinescens. 
Lomatium farinosum, Viola trinervata. 
The conspicuous basaltic outcroppings along canyons and coulees 
are locally known as “ rimrock.” The rimrock flora is in genera! the 
same as that of scablands of similar elevation. (PI. XIII.) 
29418—06 m——4 
