VII CONTENTS. 
Tue LicHens or Minnesota—Continued. 
Introduction—Continued. 
Preliminary account of lichens—Continued. 
Minute morphology—Continued. Page. 
The paraphyses..............2.00 00000200000 c cece cece eeeeee 26 
The asci.........0..0 00220 c eco cece cece ec eeeceeee 27 
The spores....... 22.0020... 02000020 c cece eee cece eee ee eee ee 28 
Thecial algee........ 22.2002. 22 c eee e eee e eee 28 
Development of the apothecia................2............. 29 
Reproduction...........222222..000 0000 cece eee ecee cece cee eee. 30 
Soredia..... 2.0.02... e cece eee eee e cece eee 30 
Fragmentation..........2.2...00.000 000. cee cee cece eec eee 31 
Rejuvenescence............22.200 0202 eee cee eee cece ec ee eee 31 
Spores. ......... 20.22 cee eee cee cee cee cence cence eee 31 
Sexual reproduction............. 220.000.0002 c eee ce eee eeee 32 
Economic réle of lichens.......... 22.0... 0022 ceceeececceceecee. 33 
As purifiers of the air. ..... 00.00.0000. 220 e eee cece cece eee 33 
As aids in rock disintegration...................2---00.000-- 33 
As fo0d...... 2.2.22. e cee ce eee ccecceecceee 34 
As medicinal agents.................00000 cee ee eee eceeeeee 35 
As dyestuffs......0.. 00.0000 c cece eect cee ce cceeeceeee 36 
As related to the welfare of trees...... .- 36 
Descriptive catalogue............ 000202. 0c cece cece cece cccceeeeecccceee 37 
Outline of classification............0. 000.0 eee cece cece cc eeccccceeee 37 
Artificial key to the genera...........2..02000 0c e cece eee cecccceceee 39 
Descriptions of families, genera, and species.......................... 44 
ON 248 
Bibliography............20.200 0222 e ccc cece cece eee e cece cece ec ceeeeeeeee 251 
HIstory oF THE Coconut Pam IN AMERICA, By O. F. Cook.............. 271 
Introduction............ 000.0002 ccc cece cece eee e cece cece ccecececccee 271 
Alleged introduction of the coconut palm by European colonists.......... 273 
Early accounts of the coconut palm in America.......................... 275 
Peter Martyr’s allusions to the coconut.....................-2..-.... 275 
Oviedo’s account of the coconut....-.........0 000 e cece cee ce cece ee 278 
Report by Columbus of coconuts in Cuba....................-...... 279 
Abundance of coconut palms in Porto Rico........................... 283 
First account of the coconut in Brazil............................-.. 284 
Early notices of the coconut palm in Colombia...................... 286 
Economic status of the coconut in tropical America...................... 288 
The palms of Cocos Island....... 2.2.2.0. 0000 cece ccc e cece cece cceeeee. 291 
The coconut palm unable to maintain itself on seacoasts................... 296 
The coconut palm not tolerant of shade............-..-2---- 202222220. 298 
South American origin of the coconut palm.........................----. 304 
Domestication of palms in ancient America...................-.......... 308 
Domestication of the peach palm in South America.................. 308 
A fiber palm domesticated in Brazil..............22.-.--2-2--.22222. 309 
Domestication of the pacaya palm in Guatemala...................... 310 
Domestication of palmettos in Mexico.................-...-2--.2.-... B11 
Partially domesticated palms.......................22--------22--22. 31 
Origin of the names coco and Cocos.......2 2.2222 e eee ec e eee ce cnee 314 
Other American names of the coconut.........22..2-00000000cccc cece eee. 316 
Dissemination of the coconut palm by primitive man.................... 317 
Origin of cultivated varieties of the coconut palm....................... 320 
Adaptations of the coconut for germination.....................-...-..2.. 324 
