FINK—THE LICHENS OF MINNESOTA. 5 
Fink, Bruce. Further Notes on Cladonias—Continued. 
IX. Cladonia squamosa and Cladonia subsquamosa. The Bryologist 10: 21-23. 
Mr. 1907. 
X, Cladonia decorticata and Cladonia degenerans. The Bryologist 10: 41-45. 
My. 1907. 
XI, Cladonia pyxidata and Cladonia pityrea. The Bryologist 10: 57-60. Jl. 
1907. 
XII. Cladonia bacillaris, Cladonia macilenta, and Cladonia didyma. The 
Bryologist 10: 77-79. 8. 1907. 
XIII. Cladonia cristatella and Cladonia coccifera. The Bryologist 10: 97-100. 
N. 1907. 
XIV. Cladonia digitata, Cladonia deformis, and Cladonia bellidiflora. The 
Bryologist 11: 21-24. Mr. 1908. 
These papers are the outgrowth of work done mainly in Minnesota, afterwards 
extended to include North American distribution. 
Fink, Bruce. Two Centuries of North American Lichenology. Proc. Iowa Acad, 
Sci. 11: 11-38. 1904. Contains references to work in Minnesota. 
Fink, Bruce. Some talus Cladonia formations. Bot. Gaz. 35: 195-208. Mr. 1903. 
Describes some Cladonia formations in northeastern Minnesota. 
Fink, Bruce. A lichen society of a sandstone riprap. Bot. Gaz. 88: 265-284. O. 1904. 
The society described is briefly compared with similar ones in Minnesota and else- 
where. 
Frost, W. D. Determinations of some Minnesota lichens. Minn. Bot. Stud. 1: 81-85, 
Mr. 1894. Contains a list of 34 species with notes on distribution and habitat. 
Holway, E.W.D. See Arthur, J.C. 
Husband, Mabel A. See Fink, Bruce. 
MacMillan, Conway. Observations on the distribution of plants along the shore at 
Lake of the Woods. Minn. Bot. Stud. 1: 949-1023. My. 1897. Contains brief 
descriptions of a number of lichen formations. 
Parry, C. C. Systematic Catalogue of Plants of Wisconsin and Minnesota, made in 
connection with the geological survey of the Northwest during the season of 1848. 
In Owen, D. D., Report of a geological survey of Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, and 
incidentally a portion of Nebraska Territory. Appendix, Article V. 606-622. 1852. 
Mentions Cladonia rangiferina and Gyrophora muhlenbergii from Falls of the St. 
Croix. ; 
Tuckerman, E. Synopsis of the North American Lichens, Parts I and II, 1882 and 
1888. Contains a few references to species collected in Minnesota, 
PRELIMINARY ACCOUNT OF LICHENS. 
VIEWS AS TO THEIR ORIGIN AND NATURE, 
Lichens have been at various times regarded as alge, fungi, 
mosses, and liverworts, and Tourneforte, in 1694, was the first botanist 
to classify them as a distinct group of plants. Subsequent study of 
anatomy and reproductive processes brought Tourneforte’s view into 
general favor, and the question of the place of lichens in the plant 
world was supposed to be settled. For nearly two centuries a liter- 
ature of lichenology was growing up, based upon the unquestioned 
assumption that lichens are autonomies. Every botanist who does 
systematic work on lichens at present, whatever his opinions, must 
