FINK—THE LICHENS OF MINNESOTA. 47 
ically reddish brown below; hypothecium dark brown; hymenium pale below and 
darker above; paraphyses distinct and commonly branched; asci cylindrical; spores 
brown or blackish brown, 2-celled, ellipsoid, commonly somewhat constricted at the 
septum, 7 to 12 » long and 3 to 5 » wide. 
Throughout northwestern Minnesota. On dead cedar and tamarack wood in 
swamps. 
Elsewhere in North America in New England, the Carolinas, Illinois, and Missouri. 
Known also in Europe and South America, 
3. Calicium quercinum Pers. Tent. Disp. Fung. 59. 1797. 
Thallus white or ashy, smooth, granulose or even scurfy, more or less evanescent; 
stipes black or brownish black, rather stout, and 0.6 to 1.8 mm, in length; apothecia 
small, 0.2 to 0.4 mm. in diameter, top-shaped or lentiform at maturity, the disk blackish 
brown or whitish-pruinose, nearly flat or quite convex, the exciple of the same color, 
but usually whitish-pruinose; hypothecium dark brown; hymenium pale below and 
brown above; paraphyses freely branching; asci irregularly clavate or cylindrical; 
spores brown or blackish brown, ellipsoid, 2-celled, 5 to 9 # long and 3 to 5 wide, in 
some of ours referred here partly simple. 
The plant referred here is common enough in northern Minnesota, and has been 
collected as far south as Granite Falls, but most of the material is doubtful and the 
thallus very scanty or entirely absent. Usually on dead wood. The subspecies 
lentibulare of the preliminary reports belongs partly above and in part with the next. 
Elsewhere in North America in New England and Ohio. Found also in Europe. 
4. Calicium curtum Borr. & Turn. Lich. Brit. 148. 1839. 
Thallus a very thin granulose crust, ashy in color and becoming scarcely visible or 
entirely disappearing; stipes rather stout and in ours very short, scarcely exceeding 
6.2 to 0.5 mm. in length, black; apothecia black throughout, like the last in form and 
size, but the black disk and exciple never pruinose in ours, the disk commonly flat; 
hypothecium dark brown; hymenium pale below and brown above; paraphyses 
commonly branched; asci cylindrical; spores blackish brown, 2-celled, ellipsoid, 
7 to 12 7 long and 4 to 6 » wide. 
Nylander says that the margin of the exciple is white-pruinose. Ours in this 
respect is nearer the subspecies lentibulare, which is excluded from this volume 
(see under C. quercinum). 
Collected at several places in northwestern Minnesota. On coniferous trees or the 
dead wood. 
Elsewhere in North America in New England. Also found in Europe, South 
America, and New Zealand. 
5. Calicium pusillum (Ach.) Floerke, Deutsch. Lich. 10: 6. 1821. 
Calicium sphaerocephalum pusillum Ach. Meth. Lich. 92. 1803. 
Thallus evanescent, but rarely to be made out as a whitish or ashy coloration upon 
the substratum; stipes slender and rather short, 0.3 to 0.6 mm. in length, black; 
apothecia minute, 0.1 to 0.2 mm. in diameter, subglobose or top-shaped lentiform, 
the disk brownish black and more or less convex, the exciple black or brownish black; 
hypothecium brown; hymenium pale below and brown above; paraphyses commonly 
branching freely; asci cylindrical; spores brown or blackish brown, ellipsoid, 2-celled, 
6 to 10 1 long and 2 to 5 » wide. 
Collected in northern Minnesota at Henning, Rainy Lake City, and Tower. On 
dead cedars and tamaracks in swamps. 
Elsewhere in North America in California, Quebec, Newfoundland, and Vancouver 
Island. Found also in Europe and Africa. 
