FINK—THE LICHENS OF MINNESOTA. 111 
1. Cladonia rangiferina ([..) Web. in Wig. Prim. Fl. Hols. 90. 1780. PuLaTe 12. 
Lichen rangiferinus L. Sp. Pl. 1153. 1753 
Primary thallus rarely seen, when present crustose and delicate and composed of sub- 
globose, depressed or irregular, clustered or scattered verruce, these 0.25 to 0.4 mm. in 
diameter, ashy-white and destitut» of cortical layer; podetia arising from the surface 
of the verrucee, often as branches of old or dying podetia or from free fragments of old 
podetia, dying at the base, 3 to 20 cm. long and 0.7 to 3 mm. in diameter, subcylin- 
drical and cupless, subdichotomously or subradiately branched, the short branches 
usually unilaterally deflexed and their axils somewhat dilated or frequently per- 
forate, the apices subulate or furcellate, clustered or subsolitary among other lichens 
and mosses, erect or rarely ascending or even decumbent, the sterile apices commonly 
nutant and often brownish, the remainder of the podetium sea-green, varying toward 
gray or grayish brown; apothecia small, 0.5 to 2 mm. in diameter, solitary or clustered 
at the apices of the branches, immarginate, convex, commonly brown; hypothecium 
pale or the subhymenial portion brownish; hymenium brownish, or pale below; 
paraphyses frequently somewhat gelatinized, usually simple, the apex commonly 
somewhat thickened and brownish; asci cylindrico-clavate. 
Generally distributed over the State, but common only in the northern part, where 
it reaches its largest size. The largest of our Cladonias and one of our most beautiful 
lichens. On earth, which frequently consists only of a thin layer of humus over rocks, 
or in crevices. between rocks; also on old wood in a more or less depauperate con- 
dition. Especially common under pines or other conifers, 
Widely distributed in North America. Quite general also in its foreign distribution.4 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 12.—Plant on earth, portion of a cluster 45cm. broad. One-fourth natural size. 
2. Cladonia sylvatica (L.) Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 114. 1795, 
Lichen sylvaticus L. Sp. Pl. 1153. 1753. 
Primary thallus rarely seen, when present crustose, delicate, and composed of sub- 
globose clustered or scattered verrucee, these 0.12 to 0.48 mm. in diameter, straw gold- 
colored, destitute of a cortical layer; podetia without cortex, commonly formed from 
branches of old or dying podetia or rarely arising from verrucee of the primary thallus, 
dying at the base, 3 to 15 cm. long and 0.5 to 3 or 4 mm. in diameter, cylindrical or 
subcylindrical, cupless, often somewhat dilated in the axils, dichotomously or finally 
sympodially or radiately branched, one or two radii becoming large and erect, the 
others remaining short and usually unilaterally or irregularly fasciculate and deflexed, 
the upper branches not much shortened and forming loose clusters, the apices subulate 
and very minutely radiate or furcate-spinose, the upper ones especially often brownish 
or brown; growing in clusters or subsolitary among other lichens and mosses, erect or 
rarely ascending or decumbent, the upper sterile apices often more or less nutant, the 
axils frequently perforated, often minutely webby tomentose, whitish or yellowish 
straw-colored or sea-green; apothecia small, 0.5 to 1.2 mm. in diametcr, corymbose, 
solitary or clustered at the apices of the branches, having a thin margin or immargi- 
nate, convex or depressed-convex, brown or possibly varying toward brick red; hypo- 
thecium pale or the subhymenial portion brownish; hymenium brown or brownish 
above and brownish or pale below; paraphyses usually simple, commonly thickened 
and brownish toward the apex; asci clavate. 
Occurs with the last and frequently mixed with it in the same clusters; even more 
rare in the southern portion of the State. Clusters frequently as large as those of 
the last. . 
American and foreign distribution quite as general as that of the last. 
a This is the ‘‘reindeer moss.’’ For economic use see p. 34. 
