112 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 
3. Cladonia alpestris (l..) Rabenh. Clad, Eur. Exsicc. pl. 39. no. 11. 1860. 
FRONTISPIECE, PLATE 13. 
Lichen rangiferinus alpestris L. Sp. Pl, 1153. 1753, 
Primary thallus rarely present, crustose, delicate, consisting of subglobose or irreg- 
ular, clustered or scattered verruce, these 0.16 to 0.30 mm. in diameter, . straw- 
colored and destitute of a cortical layer; podetia arising from the verrucz of the pri- 
mary thallus, often springing from old or dying podetia or from free fragments of dying 
podetia, dying away at the base, 5 to 20 cm. long and 0.5 to 2.5 mm, in diameter, 
subcylindrical, often somewhat dilated in the axils, cupless, rarely somewhat subdi- 
chotomously or more commonly radiately or fasciculately branched, frequently with 
4 to 6 branches surrounding a perforation in the axil, one branch or often more becom- 
ing larger and erect, the others remaining shorter and becoming finally unilaterally 
fasciculate and deflexed, the upper branches shortened, forming dense thyrses, the 
apices subulate or slightly radiately spinose; for the most part straight, clustered, 
erect, ecorticate, whitish or yellowish straw-colored, the apices often brighter; apo- 
thecia small, 0.3 to 0.5 mm. in diameter, disposed in dense corymbs at the apices of 
the branches, solitary, clustered, or confluent, thinly margined or immarginate, 
usually convex, light or darker brown; hypothecium pale; hymenium brownish 
above and pale or pale brownish below; paraphyses simple or rarely branched, com- 
monly enlarged and brownish toward the apex; asci clavate to cylindrico-clavate. 
Occurs with the last two species and frequently in the same cluster with one or 
both of them; more beautiful than either in its color, in the delicacy of its branching, 
and in the arrangement of its clusters. Quite common in the northern portion of the 
State, but not known to exist in the southern half, 
American and foreign distribution quite similar to that of the last two, but though 
all three prefer cold regions, this species is more nearly confined to such territory 
than either of the others. 
EXPLANATION OF FRONTISPIECE.—Plant on earth in woods. From a specimen found at Grand 
Portage, Minn. One-fourth natural size. 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 13.—Plant on earth, part of a cluster 60 cm. broad. Natural size. 
4. Cladonia bacillaris (Del.) Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. 179. 1866. PuaTeE 14, A, 
Cenomyce bacillaris Del. in DC. Bot. Gall. ed. 2. 2: 634, 1830. 
Primary thallus persistent or finally dying, composed of laciniate, lobate, or crenate 
squamules, which are 1 to 3 mm. long, flat or somewhat involute, scattered or clus- 
tered, sea-green or varying toward whitish or olivaceous above and wholly white below 
or darker toward the base of the squamule, sometimes sorediate along the margin and 
below; podetia arising from the surface of the squamules, quite slender, subcylin- 
drical, rarely enlarged toward the apex, 5 to 55 mm. long and 0.5 to 2 mm. in diameter, 
oreven 4mm. at the apex, cupless or rarely very imperfectly scyphiform, simple or 
rarely branched, often sterile and the apex obtuse or rarely subulate, or terminated 
by imperforate, clustered or solitary apothecia; erect, for the greater part or entirely 
sorediate, sometimes squamulose toward the base, and the squamules frequently occur- 
ring half way up or rarely even to the top, often corticate toward the base and below 
the apothecia, ashy, sea-green, or olivaceous, or a mixture of these colors; apothecia 
medium-sized, 1 to 5 mm. in diameter, solitary or clustered, immarginate or rarely 
thinly margined, usually convex, scarlet; hypothecium pale; hymenium reddish 
toward the top and paler toward the lower part; paraphyses simple or branched 
toward the thickened and reddish apex; asci cylindrico-clavate; spores obliquely 
disposed. 
Usually growing on old logs or stumps, though also occurring on earth. Doubtless 
"occurs in all portions of the State, but has been confused with the next, from which it 
is not easily distinguished. 
