FINK—THE LICHENS OF MINNESOTA. 118 
Little is known of its North American distribution owing to the confusion just men- 
tioned. Known also in Europe and Africa. 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 14.—A, Plant of Cladonia bacillaris on humus over rocks, showing the primary 
thallus and the podetia. B, Plant of C. fimbriata coniocraea on earth in pine woods, showing the cupless 
podetia. <A natural size; B enlarged 2 diameters. 
5. Cladonia macilenta Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 2: 126. 1795. 
Primary thallus persistent or finally dying, composed of laciniate, lobate-laciniate, 
crenate, or rarely subentire, small or medium-sized squamules, these 1 to 4 mm. 
long and 1 to3 mm. wide, flat-or somewhat involute, scattered or clustered, sea-green, 
whitish sea-green, or olivaceous above, white below or darker or rarely yellow toward 
the base of the squamules, the margin and lower side sometimes sorediate; podetia 
arising from the surface of the primary thallus, short or elongated, rather slender, 
subcylindrical or clavate, 0.5 to 4.5cem. long and 0.5 to 2mm. in diameter, cupless, 
simple or branched, the apices obtuse or impressed, sterile or terminated by imper- 
forate, clustered or scattered apothecia, erect, esquamulose, squamulose toward the 
base, or rarely entirely squamulose, often corticate toward the base and below the 
apothecia, white or sea-green; apothecia small or more commonly middle-sized, 0.5 
to 2.5 mm. in diameter, solitary or somewhat densely clustered, convex, immarginate 
or having a thin margin, scarlet; hypothecium pale; hymenium red above and pale 
yellowish below; paraphyses usually simple, more or less thickened at the pale or 
reddish apex; asci clavate or cylindrico-clavate; spores irregularly arranged. 
The plant surely occurs in northern Minnesota, but Doctor Wainio has referred 
nearly all of our material, placed here in the preliminary reports, to the last preced- 
ing species. The two species are by no means clearly distinct, but the present plant 
is likely to be larger and to have branched podetia. The spore arrangement is not 
easy to make out and can not always be depended upon. 
The species is known in all continents, and, according to Tuckerman’s view, is 
widely distributed in North America. However, many of the specimens referred 
to here by him will doubtless have to be placed eventually with the last foregoing. 
6. Cladonia digitata Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 2: 124. 1795. 
Primary thallus persistent or finally dying, composed of lobed or incised, large or 
medium-sized squamules, which are 2 to 15 mm. long and wide, involute or somewhat 
flat, scattered or clustered, sea-green or rarely olivaceous above, white below or dull 
or yellowish toward the base, sometimes sorediate at the margins and below; podetia 
arising from the surface of the primary thallus, rather short but well developed, | to 
5 em. long, the lower part 0.5 to 4mm. in diameter and cylindrical or often incras- 
sate below the cups, rarely cupless; erect or decumbent, simple or repeatedly pro- 
liferous, the upper part and especially the cups sorediate or the cavity of the cups 
often corticate, the lower part or sometimes the whole podetium covered with a con- 
tinuous cortex, without squamules or more or less squamulose, whitish or yellowish 
sea-green; cups medium-sized, 3 to 10 mm, in diameter, 2 to 5 mm. high, commonly 
abruptly dilated, regular or irregular, the margin commonly somewhat incurved, 
subentire, dentate, radiate or proliferate, imperforate; apothecia medium-sized, 
large or rarely small, 0.5 to 5 mm. in diameter, placed at the apices of the branches or 
rarely on the margin of the cups, single or clustered, convex and immarginate, scarlet; 
hypothecium pale; hymenium scarlet above, pale red below; paraphyses simple or 
rarely branched, somewhat enlarged toward the apex; asci cylindrico-clavate. 
A rare lichen in Minnesota, thus far found only in four or five localities in the 
pineries of the northern half of the State. Grows on old logs and stumps. 
The plant occurs in all continents, but seems to be more common north than south 
of the equator and in arctic and subarctic regions. In North America confined to the 
northern United States and British America and mountainous regions farther south. 
