114 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 
7. Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd. Fl. Berol. Prodr. 361. 1787. 
Lichen cocciferus L. Sp. Pl. 1151. 1753. 
Primary thallus usually persistent, composed of irregularly or flabellately incised, 
crenate or lobate, small or larger squamules, which are 1 to 4 mm. longand 1 to 3 mm, 
wide (foreign measurements more than twice as large), flat or somewhat involute, the 
lower side often more or less distinctly nervose, clustered or scattered, light to reddish 
sea-green above and white below or yellowish toward the base, the base and the nerves 
yellow or red, rarely sorediate above and at the margins; podetia arising from the 
surface of the primary thallus, 4 to 50 mm. long and 1 to 4 mm. in diameter at the base, 
cup-bearing, cylindrical or turbinate, erect, corticate, sea-green, frequently yellowish or 
reddish-tinged, the cortex subcontinuous or areolate, in the latter case the decorticate 
areas between the areoles frequently white or yellowish, rarely more or less squamu- 
lose; cups gradually or abruptly dilated, sometimes becoming oblique, subentire, 
dentate, radiate or proliferate, 1 to 4 proliferations from a cup, themselves bearing cups 
or apothecia; proliferations arising from the margins of the cups or rarely from within, 
the lower rank 4 to 30 mm. long, the upper one or more ranks usually shorter; apo- 
thecia varying much in size, | to 8 mm. in diameter in ours (frequently twice as large 
in foreign specimens), clustered or solitary, at the dilated apices of the proliferations 
or sessile on the margins of the cups, convex or depressed-convex, thinly margined or 
more commonly immarginate, scarlet in ours; hypothecium pale; hymenium pale 
red above and pale below; paraphyses usually simple, somewhat enlarged at the 
apex; asci cylindrico-clavate. 
The plant grows on earth, especially humus over rocks, and on old wood. In north- 
ern Minnesota, north and west of Duluth. Tuckerman gives the species as dis- 
tributed throughout the Northern States and British America and southward in the 
mountains. He uses the synonym Cladonia cornucopioides. 
The species is quite cosmopolitan in distribution, extending into temperate regions 
in mountains. Probably absent from Africa. 
7a. Cladonia coccifera pleurota (Floerke) Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. 1: 24. 1823. 
Capitularia pleurota Floerke, Ges. Nat. Freund. Mag. 2: 218. 1808. 
Podetia corticate below but more or less decorticated and sorediate above; squam- 
ules usually sorediate below and along the margin; apothecia said to be sometimes 
marginate. The squamules seem to be somewhat smaller in this subspecies, and the 
apothecia frequently somewhat stipitate. 
Occurs with the last, but is less common in the State, thus far only four times 
noted. 
American and foreign distribution about the same as that of the species. 
8. Cladonia deformis (L.) Hoffm. Deutsch. F1. 2: 120, 1795. PiaTeE 15. 
Lichen deformis L. Sp. Pl. 1152. 1753. 
Primary thallus usually dying away, when present composed of incised, crenate or 
lobed, usually medium-sized squamules, these 2 to 7 mm. long and wide, ascending 
or depressed, flat or somewhat involute or convex, sometimes lacunose, scattered or 
clustered, sea-green, varying toward lighter or reddish, or even light red toward the 
base, below pale or brownish and sometimes sorediate; podetia arising from the sur- 
face of the primary thallus, 25 to 85 mm. in length, subcylindrical or rarely elongate- 
turbinate, scyphiform or rarely cupless, erect, partly and uniformly sorediate, the 
lower portion corticate, the cortex continuous and lacunose, or else rimose, the lower 
portion sometimes squamulose, the corticate portion yellow straw-colored to sea- 
green, the sorediate part sulphureous or straw-yellow; cups gradually or abruptly 
dilated, imperforate, medium-sized or small, 3 to 10 mm. in diameter, the margin 
subentire, dentate or often irregularly lacerate or proliferate, the proliferations soli- 
tary or numerous, their apices minutely scyphiform or obtuse, in 1 to 3 ranks, the 
lower rank long, the upper ranks and proliferations short, the cavity of the cups 
