FINK—THE LICHENS OF MINNESOTA. 115 
usually minutely farinose; apothecia usually medium-sized, 0.5 to 5 mm. in diameter, 
scattered on the margins of the cups or clustered at the dilated apices of the prolifera- 
tions, convex or depressed, commonly having a thin margin, scarlet; hypothecium 
pale; hymenium pale below and pale scarlet above; paraphyses sometimes branched, 
not often enlarged or colored toward the apex (?); asci cylindrico-clavate. 
More or less frequent in the northern portion of the State. On earth or rarely on 
old wood. Ours uniformly sterile and the cups usually without proliferations, thus 
the plants single-ranked. 
Distributed throughout the extreme northern portion of United States and through 
British America and farther south in the mountains. Known also in all of the grand 
divisions. 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 15.—Plant of Cladonia deformis at base of an old stump, showing the primary 
thallus and the podetia, some of the latter cup-bearing. Natural size. 
9. Cladonia cristatella Tuck. Amer. Journ. Sci. 25: 428. 1858. 
Primary thallus usually persistent, composed of incised or crenate, small squam- 
ules, these 2 to 3 mm. long and wide, commonly flat but sometimes involute, scat- 
tered or clustered, sea-green or straw-yellow above and whitish below, sometimes 
sorediate above; podetia arising from the surface of the squamules, usually of moder- 
ate length, 4 to 35 mm. long and 0.5 to 2.5 mm. wide, subcylindrical or somewhat 
enlarged toward the apex, without cups, simple or more or less fasciculately or digi- 
tately branched toward the apex, the branches short and obtuse, the apex or apices com- 
monly terminated by apothecia, the axils sometimes perforate; clustered or subsolitary, 
erect, rarely squamulose, the cortex continuous or areolate, smooth or roughened, 
sea-green or straw-yellow; apothecia medium-sized or small, 0.3 to 3 mm. in diame- 
ter, solitary or clustered, convex, immarginate, scarlet; hypothecium pale or pale 
yellowish; hymenium pale reddish above and pale or pale yellowish below; para- 
physes commonly simple, the apices only slightly thickened or colored; asci cylin- 
drico-clavate. 
Generally distributed over the State. On old wood and earth, especially common 
in recently burned forest regions in the northern portion of the State. 
Distributed throughout the United States east of the Rocky Mountains and at 
least as far north in British America as Newfoundland. A North American plant. 
9a. Cladonia cristatella vestita Tuck. Syn. N. A. Lich. 1: 255, 1882. 
A form with densely squamulose podetia. 
A plant collected at Tower, in the northern part of the State, was referred here by 
Doctor Wainio. On rocks. 
Elsewhere reported from Massachusetts and New Jersey. 
9b. Cladonia cristatella paludicola Tuck. Syn. N. A. Lich. 1: 255. 1882. 
Squamules sorediate and the podetia short or wanting. 
A single specimen is recorded from Mankato. On an old log. The squamules are 
scarcely sorediate and the determination may be regarded as doubttul. 
Indefinitely reported from swamps by Tuckerman. 
10. Cladonia amaurocraea (Floerke) Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. 1: 34. 1823. 
Capitularia amaurocraea Floerke in Web. & Mohr, Beitr. Naturk. 2: 334. 1810. 
Primary thallus rarely seen, when present composed of small crenate or digitately 
incised squamules, these 0.5 to 1.7 mm. long and wide, clustered or scattered, ascend- 
ing or flat, sea-green above and white below; podetia formed from branches or free 
fragments of dying podetia, or rarely arising from the surface of the primary thallus, 
dying away at the base, 15 to 120 mm. long, 0.7 to 1.5 mm. in diameter, cupless and 
subcylindrical or sometimes cup-bearing, dichotomously or radiately or even irregu- 
larly branched, the axils closed or perforate, the branches divaricate, forming large 
