116 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 
or small clusters, erect, ascending, or prostrate, the cortex continuous or areolate and 
frequently scattered, smooth or the areoles somewhat elevated, rarely somewhat 
squamulose toward the base, straw gold-colored or sea-green, or the decorticate por- 
tions rarely white, the basal dead portions frequently scarlet or darker, the apices 
straight, usually brownish, tapering and subulate, subsimple or dichotomously spinose . 
or rarely cymosely branched, or rather rarely terminated by cups; cups commonly 
abruptly dilated and sometimes perforate or cribrose, regular or oblique, the margin 
frequently spinulose and radiately lacerate and proliferous; apothecia medium-sized, 
0.7 to 3.5 mm. in diameter, solitary or clustered at the apices of the podetia, thinly 
margined or immarginate, flat or convex, sometimes perforate, rarely lobate, brown 
or varying toward brick-red or lighter; hypothecium pale or pale yellowish; hyme- 
nium brownish above and pale or pale brownish below; paraphyses simple or branched 
toward the apex, usually enlarged and brownish; asci cylindrico-clavate. 
Distributed throughout the northern portion of the State, especially to the north- 
east. On earth and rocks covered with humus. 
Throughout the extreme northern portion of the United States, north to arctic 
America and also southward in the mountains. Known throughout tke grand 
divisions. 
11. Cladonia uncialis (L.) Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 2: 117. 1795. 
Lichen uncialis L. Sp. Pl. 1153. 1753. 
Primary thallus rarely present, composed of small crenate or incised, ascending 
or flat squamules, these scattered or clustered, sea-green to gold-colored above and 
white below, with a continuous cortex, small, 0.5 to 1 mm. long and wide; podetia 
formed from branches or fragments of dying podetia, or rarely arising from the mar- 
gins of the squamules, dying at the base, 20 to 75 mm. long, | to 3 mm. indiameter, 
subcylindrical, usually cupless, but the apices frequently dilated and somewhat 
scyphiform, dichotomously, sympodially, or radiately branched, the radii 3 to 5 or 
more, all well developed or some shorter, the axils for the most part perforate, the 
cortex subcontinuous or often areolate and scattered, smooth cr the areoles more or 
loss raised, destitute of squamules, straw-colored or rarely sea-green, or the decorti- 
cate portions whitish, the apices straight, subulate or radiately or furcately spinose, 
rarely brown; apothecia small, 0.5 to 0.8 mm. in diameter, at the apices of short 
branches, solitary or clustered, immarginate or thinly margined, flat or convex, 
brown varying toward brick red; hypothecium usually pale; hymenium brownish 
above and usually pale below; paraphyses simple or rarely branched, commonly 
enlarged and brownish toward the apex; asci clavate. 
Generally distributed throughout the northern portion of the State. On earth, 
usually over rocks. | 
Common throughout North America and cosmopolitan also in its foreign distri- 
bution. 
lla. Cladonia uncialis obtusata (Ach.) Schaer. Enum. Crit. Lich. Eur. 200. 1850. 
Cenomyce uncialis obtusata Ach. Lich. Univ. 559. 1810. 
Thallus differing in that the apices of the branches are short and obtuse. 
The axils are said to be minutely perforate, in which respect our specimen, 
determined by Doctor Wainio, hardly agrees. 
A single collection was made on Blueberry Island in Lake of the Woods. On 
earth. 
No other record of it in North America has been found. Well known in Europe. 
12. Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. Spic. Fl. Germ. 107. 1794. 
Lichen furcatus Huds. Fl. Angl. 458. 1762. 
Primary thallus usually disappearing, when present composed of medium-sized 
squamules, these crenately or irregularly lobed or rarely subentire, 2 to 5 mm. 
long and wide, ascending or flat, scattered or clustered, sea-green varying to 
