FINK—THE LICHENS OF MINNESOTA. 117 
brownish or whitish above, white below, the cortical layer continuous; podetia 
arising from the surface of the squamules, the lower part dying away, 15 to 85 mm. 
long and 0.7 to 2 mm. in diameter, cylindrical or subcylindrical, very rarely scyphi- 
form, dichotomously or frequently radiately branched, erect or rarely prostrate or 
decumbent, rarely somewhat sorediate, the cortex continuous or more or less dis- 
persed, smooth or rarely subrugose, sometimes squamulose, sea-green varying toward 
whitish or brownish, the branches suberect, divaricate or recurved, the axils some- 
what dilated and frequently perforate, the apices suberect or recurved, slender and 
delicate; apothecia small, 0.5 to 1.5 mm. in diameter, irregularly or cymosely dis- 
posed at the apices of the branches, immarginate, sometimes lobate or reniform, 
convex, rarely perforate at the center; brown varying toward brick red or lighter 
color; hypothecium pale; hymenium brownish above and pale below; paraphyses 
simple or rarely branched, frequently enlarged and brownish toward the apex; asci 
cylindrico-clavate. . 
Generally distributed over the State in one form or another. On earth, frequently 
over rocks, or rarely on old wood. 
Generally distributed over North America. Cosmopolitan also in its foreign dis- 
tribution. 
12a. Cladonia furcata scabriuscula (Del.) Wainio, Act. Soc. Faun. Flor. Fenn, 
4: 338. 1887. PLATE 16, FIGURE 4, 
Cenomyce scabriuscula Del. in DC, Bot. Gall. ed. 2. 623. 1830. 
Podetia more or less isidioid or sorediate, sometimes squamulose, the cortex more 
or less broken, partly wanting toward the top, whitish. 
Frequent in the northern portion of the State and once collected as far south as 
Redwood Falls. Habitat as above. 
Common in Europe and known also in South America and Australia. Thus far 
recorded elsewhere in North America only from Iowa, Canada, Newfoundland, and 
Massachusetts (New Bedford). , 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 16.—Subspecies of Cladonia furcata. Fig. 1, C. furcata racemosa. Fig. 2, C. 
furcata finkii. Fig. 3, C. furcata pinnata. Fig. 4, C. furcata scabriuscula. Fig. 5, C. furcata paradora, 
Figs. 1-5, natural size. 
12b. Cladonia furcata paradoxa (Wainio) Fink, Minn. Bot. Stud. 3: 217. 1903. 
PLATE 16, FIGURE 5. 
Cladonia furcata palamaea paradoxa Wainio, Act. Soc. Faun, Flor. Fenn. 4: 349. 1887. 
Podetia 10 to 20 mm. long and 0.7 to 1 mm. in diameter, bearing cups 2 to 3 
mm. in diameter and quite abruptly dilated, brownish or olive-brown or sea-green 
toward the base, there sometimes squamulose; cups irregularly proliferate, perforate, 
or subcribrose, the proliferations cup-bearing and forming two or three ranks; 
apothecia seldom clustered, often perforate or lobate, brown, convex, immarginate, 
quite common in ours. 
Frequent throughout the northern portion of the State. On old wood and earth. 
Not known in America outside of Minnesota. Previously known in Europe. 
12c. Cladonia furcata finkii Wainio, Minn. Bot. Stud. 3: 217. 1903. 
PLATE 16, FIGURE 2. 
Podetia rather stout, 15 to 75 mm. long and 1 to 3 mm. in diameter, scyphiform 
and frequently 2 or 3-ranked, the cortex subcontinuous, usually more or less squamose 
even toward the top, whitish sea-green or slightly olivaceous, the ultimate branchlets 
sometimes quite similar to those of subspecies racemosa (pl. 16, fig. 1), but more 
irregular, quite commonly fruited; cups irregular and sometimes perforate, those of 
the upper ranks not often developed. 
Wainio writes, ‘‘Scyphifera et analoga f. paradorae, in quam transit, et e var. 
racemosa est evoluta, et in colore congruens.”’ 
