FINK—THE LICHENS OF MINNESOTA, 121 
brownish or variegated with these colors, the apices scyphiform or cupless, in the latter 
case attenuate and perforate, rather rarely branched, the sides frequently perforate 
also, commonly more or less clustered; cups 2.5 to 8 mm. in diameter, perforate, 
commonly proliferate, the podetia thus becoming 2 or several-ranked; apothecia 
small, 0.5 to 1.5 mm. in diameter, borne on the margins of the cups or at the margins 
of branches or proliferations, subsolitary or more or less clustered, thinly margined or 
immarginate, flat or convex, brown or flesh-colored; hypothecium pale; hymenium 
usually pale brownish below and somewhat deeper brownish above; paraphyses 
simple or compound, the apex thickened and pale or brownish; asci clavate or cylin- 
drico-clavate. 
Distributed throughout the northern portion of the State. On old logs and on earth. 
Found in the New England States; widely distributed throughout British America 
and in Alaska. Also reported from the Cascade Mountains. Known also in Europe, 
Asia, and Australia. 
19. Cladonia turgida Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 2: 124, 1795. 
Primary thallus commonly persistent, composed of large foliose laciniate or irregu- 
larly orsubdichotomously lobed squamules, these 5 to 25mm. long and 2to 8 mm. wide, 
ascending or nearly erect, flat, convex and canaliculately revolute or even concave 
and involute, often cespitose in small or medium-sized clusters, ashy to sea-green 
above and white beneath, the cortex continuous; podetia arising from the surface of 
the primary thallus, one or more from a single squamule, the base sometimes dying 
away, 2to7 cm. long and 2 to 3mm. in diameter, turbinate or subcylindrical and 
frequently turgescent, often more or less branched, the branches suberect, the axils 
frequently more or less open, scattered or cespitosely clustered, erect or ascending, 
areolate or with continuous cortex, sometimes more or less clothed with usually large 
squamules, light sea-green or the decorticate portions between the areoles white, the 
apices cupless, obtuse and bearing short branches, or imperfectly scyphiform, fre- 
quently olive-brown; cups somewhat dilate, shallow, perforate or cribrose, radiately 
proliferate from the margin; apothecia small or medium-sized, 0.5 to 2mm. in diam- 
eter, borne at the apices of the branches or proliferations, subcymosely or radiately 
arranged and frequently short-stipitate, thinly margined or convex and immarginate, 
brown or rarely reddish brown, often perforate; hypothecium pale; hymenium pale 
or pale brownish below and more brownish above; paraphyses simple or rarely 
branched, the apices usually thickened and brownish; asci cylindrical or cylindrico- 
clavate. 
For the most part confined to the northern portion of the State, but once collected 
as far south as New Ulm. On earth, especially over shaded rocks. 
Throughout the extreme northern portion of the United States and British America. 
Common in the colder portions of Europe. 
20. Cladonia mitrula Tuck. in Darl. Fl. Cestr. ed. 3. 444. 1853. 
Primary thallus commonly persistent, composed of irregularly or subdigitately 
laciniate or crenate, flattish, ascending or suberect, clustered, small or middle-sized 
squamules, these 1.5 to 4 mm. in length and nearly or quite as wide, ashy to sea-green 
above and whitish below; podetia arising from the surface of the primary thallus, 
0.5 to 15 mm. long and 0.4 to 1.6 mm.in diameter, cylindrical and cupless, always 
terminated by apothecia, simple or branched toward the apex, the branches sub- 
erect or spreading, sometimes fissured longitudinally, the axils sometimes open, 
clustered or subsolitary, erect, the cortex continuous or composed of contiguous or sub- 
contiguous areoles, or the surface rarely in part decorticate and somewhat sorediate, 
sometimes more or less squamulose, ashy to sea-green or the decorticate portions 
whitish; apothecia small or middle-sized, 1 to 2 mm. in diameter, solitary or clus- 
tered, sometimes perforate, flat and marginate or convex and immarginate, brown 
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