122 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 
varying toward paler or reddish brown; hypothecium pale or brownish, hymenium 
pale or brownish below and brownish above; paraphyses usually simple, commonly 
thickened and brownish toward the apex; asci clavate. 
Frequent in the southern half of the State, but replaced northward by Cladonia 
cariosa. On earth. 
Common throughout the United States, especially so toward the south. Not com- 
mon in British America, but reported as far north as Alaska. Also known in South 
America. 
21. Cladonia cariosa (Ach.) Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4: 272. 1827. 
Lichen cariosus Ach. Lich. Suec. 198. 1798. 
Primary thallus persistent or replaced by new squamules, composed of irregularly 
laciniate, incised or crenate, concave, flat, involute or revolute, ascending or sub- 
erect, clustered or rarely scattered squamules, these small or medium-sized, 1 to 
6 mm. long and 1 to 5 mm. wide, pale sea-green above varying toward olivaceous, 
whitish below or brownish toward the base, the cortex continuous or more or less 
sorediate above and along the margin; podetia arising from the surface or margin of 
the squamules, 5 to 30 mm. long and | to 2 mm. in diameter, subcylindrical or thick- 
ened toward the top, cupless and always terminated by apothecia, usually freely 
branching, sometimes even from the base, the branches spreading or more usually 
suberect, the sides commonly more or less fissured or grooved ; clustered or subsolitary, 
usually suberect; cortex subcontinuous or areolate, the areoles frequently scattered, 
rarely squamulose, more commonly so toward the base, pale sea-green or whitish, 
the decorticate portions of the surface between the areoles white; apothecia usually 
medium-sized, 1 to 2 or even 4 mm. in diameter, clustered-conglomerate, frequently 
perforate, borne at the apices of the podetia, flat or becoming convex and immar- 
ginate, lighter or darker brown or possibly rarely reddish brown; hypothecium pale; 
hymenium brownish above and pale or brownish below; paraphyses simple or rarely 
branched, thickened and brownish toward the apex; asci clavate or cylindrico-clavate. 
Widely distributed in the State, but more common toward the north. On earth or 
rarely on old wood. 
Distributed throughout North America. Found in all the grand divisions, 
22. Cladonia decorticata (Floerke) Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4: 271. 1827. 
Capitularia decorticata Floerke in Weber & Mohr, Beitr. Naturk. 2: 297. 1810. 
Primary thallus finally disappearing and usually more or less replaced by new 
squamules, these laciniate or crenate, somewhat concave or involute, scattered or 
clustered, usually small, 1 to 4 mm. long and 1 to 2 mm. wide, light sea-green, above 
varying toward olivaceous, beneath whitish, or brownish toward the base; podetia 
arising from the surface of the primary thallus, 1 to 10 cm. long and 0.75 to 2 mm. 
in diameter, cylindrical, cupless, simple or more or less dichotomously or irregularly 
branched, the branches commonly erect or spreading, the fertile apices often dilated, 
the sterile ones obtuse or subulate, the sides sometimes fissured; clustered or subsoli- 
tary, erect or rarely ascending or even decumbent, variously sorediate, areolate, and 
squamulose, the latter especially toward the base, decorticate between the areoles or 
squamules toward the base, pale sea-green or brownish, the decorticate portions 
white; apothecia middle-sized, 0.75 to 4.5 mm, in diameter, confluent or conglomer- 
ate, borne at the apices of the podetia or branches, concave, flat or convex, thinly 
margined or finally immarginate, usually brown; hypothecium pale; hymenium pale 
or pale brownish below and brownish above; paraphyses usually simple, commonly 
thickened and brownish toward the apex; asci clavate or cylindrico-clavate. 
Collected in several widely separate localities in the State, but hardly common. 
On earth and old wood. 
Known in the White Mountains of New Hampshire and widely distributed in 
British America and Alaska, Found also in Europe and Asia, 
