FINK—THE LICHENS OF MINNESOTA. 129 
or at the cupless apices, the disk flat and thinly margined or becoming convex and 
immarginate, commonly brick-red (but ours more often a dark brown); hypo- 
thecium pale or pale brownish; hymenium of same color or darker brownish above; 
paraphyses simple or branched, commonly thickened and brownish toward the apex; 
asci clavate or cylindrico-clavate. 
A single collection from Granite Falls has been placed here by Doctor Wainio, who 
would refer all well-marked specimens to one of his several forms. On earth. 
Recorded by Wainio from several widely separate North American localities and 
no doubt quite generally distributed, though litthe known in America. Known in 
all of the grand divisions and a very widely distributed lichen. 
28a. Cladonia pityrea subacuta Wainio, Act. Soc. Faun. Flor. Fenn. 10: 355. 1894, 
Podetia cupless, only 10 to 35 mm. in length, wholly granulate or sorediate- 
granulate, or verrucose or areolate-corticate toward the base, seldom bearing 
squamules. 
Part of the material of the same collection has cups, and this Doctor Wainio 
has referred to subspecies cladomorpha (Floerke) Wainio, loc. cit. The material is 
otherwise wholly similar. 
Collected at Emo, On old wood. 
Neither form is known elsewhere in North America. Both are more or less common 
in Europe. 
29. Cladonia botrytes (Hag.) Willd. Fl. Berol. Prodr. 365. 1787. 
Lichen botrytes Hag. Tent. Hist. Lich. 121. pl. 2. f. 9. 1782. 
Primary thallus commonly persistent, composed of crenate, incised or variously 
laciniate, flat, involute or rarely convex, commonly ascending, scattered or rarely 
clustered squamules, these 1 to 3 mm. long and of about the same width, sea-green, 
varying toward straw-colored or olivaceous above and white below, sometimes sparsely 
sorediate or granular; podetia arising from the surface of the squamules, 2 to 18 mm. 
long, rather slender, cylindrical or subcylindrical, rarely abortively scyphiform, 
variously branched toward the apex, or simple, or rarely branched toward the base, 
the branches commonly short or very short, the sides frequently rimose, the axils 
sometimes open; solitary or in groups, erect or variously curved or flexuous, the 
cortex verrucose or divided into rather small areoles, these contiguous or scattered, 
sometimes more or less squamulose, especially toward the base; varying from straw- 
colored to sea-green, or the decorticate portions straw-colored or whitish; cups rare 
and abortive, in the axils of branches when present; apothecia terminating all of 
the podetia or branches, small or rarely middle-sized, commonly 0.4 to 2 mm. in diame- 
ter, rounded or irregular, sometimes perforate, frequently clustered or conglomerate, 
rarely solitary, flat, and margined with a light-colored exciple, or more commonly con- 
vex and immarginate, from pale flesh-colored to pale brown, rarely somewhat prui- 
nose; hypothecium pale; hymenium pale throughout or slightly colored above; 
paraphyses simple, the apex frequently thickened but showing little or no color; 
asci clavate or cylindrico-clavate. 
Throughout the northern portion of the State. On old wood, especially of conifers. 
Easily passed over as a condition of Cladonia cariosa or Cladonia mitrula. 
Plants from British ,Columbia, Wisconsin, and New York had been previously 
referred here by Wainio. Common in Europe and known also in Asia, 
Family STEREOCAULACEAE. 
The family consists of the two genera Pilophorus and Stereocaulon, The structure 
of the thallus and the apothecia will be thoroughly discussed under Stereocaulon 
following, and the family may, for the rest, be disposed of rather briefly. 
