FINK—THE LICHENS OF MINNESOTA. 147 
enoid symbiotic condition exists or not. If the fungal hyphee are present, they are 
found to extend in a longitudinal direction between the algal cells or just beneath 
the outer algal sheath. As has been observed by Schwendener, in some of our speci- 
mens there is a parenchymatous cellular structure toward the basal older portions 
of some of the thalli. This is not a cortex, but extends throughout the whole diame- 
ter of the filament. In these same filaments the hyphal threads may usually be 
detected toward the ends of the filaments. The hyphw# may be few or many, and 
enlargements often occur here and there on the thalli from which hyphe protrude 
in dense clusters. These enlargements may give rise to apothecia or the so-called 
spermagonia, but we have been unable thus far to detect any such structures in 
any specimens examined. Possibly certain structures examined were old sperma- 
gonia that had discharged their spermatia. _ 
The apothecia are minute, immersed in the thallus, or becoming superficial and 
globose-discoid. The spores are hyaline, oblong or ellipsoid, simple or 2-celled. As 
indicated above, none have yet been found in any of our specimens. 
Of our lichens the present genus is evidently most closely related to Pannaria, 
though here the relation scarcely seems to be a very close one. Pannaria migra 
appears somewhat similar under a hand lens, though not so microscopically. Prob- 
ably Lichnia, thus far not noted in Minnesota, is more closely related. 
Two species have been reported from the State, but one of these, in the absence of 
fruit in the specimen, must be regarded as doutbful, The plants occur on rocks. 
Type species Lichen pubescens L. Sp. Pl. 1155. 1753. (Ephebe pubescens (L.) Fr.) 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 24.—Fig. 1, the plant. Fig. 2, a, position of apothecia; b, spermagonia. 
Fig. 3, a section of a branch and a spermagonium; a, sterigmata; b, the inclosing hyphe; c, the spermatia. 
Fig. 4, a section of the thallus; a, fungal hyphz; b, algal cells; c, a young branch. Fig. 5, an ascus. Fig. 
6, free spores. Fig. 7, sterigmata. Fig. 8, spermatia, Fig. 1, natural size; fig. 2, enlarged about 4 diame- 
ters; figs. 3, 4, 7, enlarged 400 diameters; figs. 5, 6, 8, enlarged 650 diameters. From Schneider, except 5 
and 6, which are from Crombie. 
Ephebe pubescens (L.) Fr. in Nyl. Syn. Lich. 1: 90. 1858. Puates 20, B, 24, 
Lichen pubescens L. Sp. Pl. 1153. 1853. 
Thallus much branched, rather rigid, the branching subdichotomous, the branches 
subcylindrical, somewhat spreading and variously tangled; usually blackish brown 
but sometimes olivaceous, the whole plant 3 to 25 or possibly sometimes 30 mm. in 
length, the filaments sometimes reaching 0.75 to 1 mm, in diameter toward the 
rarely parenchymatous basal portions; apothecia immersed several together in swell- 
ings of the thallus, the disk punctiform; spores simple or 2-celled, oblong-ellipsoid, 
11 to 16 » long and 3 to 4 » wide. 
Frequent in the northern portion of the State, and once found as far south as New 
Ulm. On rocks and, if on horizontal ones, preferring depressions in which water 
stands after rains. Ours sterile and perhaps nearer [phebe solida Born.4 
Throughout the eastern region bordering the Appalachian system of mountains and 
northward to Greenland. Also reported from Vancouver Island. Known also in 
Europe and northern Africa. 
The material recorded in the preliminary reports as Ephebe solida seems nearer 
E. mammillosum (Lyngb.) Fr., but is sterile and too uncertain to record. 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 20.—See p. 135. 
Family PANNARIACEAE. 
The family as represented in our flora contains three genera, in which the thallus 
is certainly higher than in any of the closely related families immediately preceding, 
and at the same time quite different in external appearance from the forms of thalli 
in the two closely related families next following. However, there is no escape 
aAnn. Sci. Nat. Bot. III. 18: 169. 1852. 
