198 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 
11b. Parmelia olivacea prolixa Ach. Meth. Lich. 214. 1803. 
Thallus a dark olivaceous brown, on the whole rather better developed than that 
of the species, the lobes perhaps narrower, closely crowded and much imbricated, 
giving a rough surface above; spores smaller, 8 to 11 » long and 5 to 6 ye wide. Ours 
scarcely shows as narrow lobes as we should expect from Tuckerman’s brief statement, 
but agrees well with herbarium specimens from Europe. 
Confined for the most part to the northern part of the State, though the plants from 
Granite Falls and New Ulm referred to Pannaria olivacea pannariformis Ny1.4 seem 
rather to belong here. On rocks. 
Occurs in the mountains, both eastern and western, and descends to the north. 
Also found in northern Europe and Asia. 
12. Parmelia conspurcata (Schaer.) Wainio, Medd. Soc. Faun. Flor. Fenn, 14: 22. 
1888. 
Parmelia olivacea corticola conspurcata Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. 10: 466. 1840. 
Thallus larger than in the last species (3 to 10 cm. in diameter), less closely 
adnate, the upper surface olivaceous, more or less rugose, usually somewhat covered 
with commonly whitening isidioid growths or with soredia of the same color, the 
lobes wider and less elongated, with sinuous or crenate somewhat ascendant, rarely 
white-powdery margins, beneath black or brownish black, brown toward the margin, 
and bearing rhizoids of the same colors; apothecia not seen. 
Frequent in the northern portion of the State. On trees and rarely on rocks. 
Number 131 from Minneapolis and number 60 from Taylors Falls, both referred to 
Parmelia olivacea, also belong here. The writer has collected the same at Concord, 
Massachusetts, and has a specimen from Fayette, Iowa, which seems to be the same. 
Nothing further is known of its North American distribution. Evidently not the 
same as Parmelia olivacea sorediata (Ach.) Nyl.,b which is recorded in Tuckerman’s 
Synopsis. The species is well known in Europe. 
13. Parmelia caperata (L.) Ach. Meth. Lich. 216. 1803. 
Lichen caperatus L. Sp. Pl. 1147. 1753. 
Thallus medium-sized or large, 5 to 22.5 cm. in diameter, prostrate with margins 
frequently somewhat ascendant, the central portions most frequently quite entire 
and the marginal portions only shortly lobed, or the central portions as well composed 
of somewhat imbricated lobes, the upper surface undulate, commonly somewhat 
rugose, and usually isidioid or sorediate, the margins of the lobes incised, crenate, or 
subentire; straw-colored varying to yellowish or whitish, beneath black with rather 
scattered rhizoids of the same color, the margins, however, brown and the rhizoids 
there frequently light-colored; apothecia rare, sessile, middle-sized, 3 to 12 mm, in 
diameter, the disk chestnut, concave, the margin crenulate or subentire and fre- 
quently sorediate or isidioid; hypothecium pale or yellowish; hymenium pale or 
yellowish below and usually brownish above; paraphyses commonly simple, distinct, 
the tips slightly enlarged and sometimes brownish; asci clavate; spores ellipsoid, 15 
to 20 » long and 7 to 10 » wide. 
Occurs in all parts of the State, sterile except in the northern portion, where the 
plant is occasionally fruited. On trees, old wood, and stones. 
Distributed throughout North America. Common to all of the grand divisions. 
14. Parmelia conspersa (Ehrh.) Ach. Meth. Lich. 205. 1803. 
Lichen conspersus Ehrh.; Ach. Lich. Suec. 118. 1798. 
Thallus prostrate, medium-sized or larger, 5 to 15 cm. in diameter, the upper 
surface smooth or subrugose, the lobes long and rather narrow, crowded and imbri- 
cate, with sinuate or crenate margins, the upper surface often sorediate or isidioid 
toward the center, straw-colored, usually varying toward greenish or yellowish, the 
@ Lich. Scand. 102. 1861, b Not, Sallsk. Faun. Flor. Fenn. 5: 102. 1861. 
