202 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 
diameter, subpedicellate on the margins of the lobes, the disk brown, concave, the 
thalloid margin crenulate, rarely disappearing; hypothecium pale; hymenium pale or 
brownish above and pale below; paraphyses simple or rarely branched, with con- 
spicuous joints, the apex brownish and somewhat thickened; asci clavate; spores 
short-oblong or subspherical, 4 to 5.5 » long and 3 to 4 » wide. 
Widely distributed in northern Minnesota, though rather rare. Along the shore of 
Lake Superior, extending as far south as Duluth, where it was collected by Anna M. 
Kimball. On conifers, especially cedars. 
A North American plant and, outside of Minnesota, only known in the eastern 
United States. 
6. Cetraria juniperina pinastri (Scop.) Ach. Meth. Lich. 298. 1803, Puare 36, B. 
Lichen pinastri Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2. 2: 382. 1772. 
Thallus foliose, small or middle-sized, 15 to 80 mm. in diameter, with crowded, * 
more or less lacunose, crisped, erose-crenate, ascendant lobes; greenish to straw- 
colored above and pale yellow below, sometimes bright yellow toward the margins 
of the lobes, these clothed more or less with bright yellow soredia; apothecia middle- 
sized, 2 to 6.5 mm. in diameter; hypothecium pale; hymenium pale or brownish 
above and pale beneath; paraphyses commonly simple, the apex pale or brownish, and 
usually thickened; asci clavate; spores short-ellipsoid or subspherical, 5 to 7.5 by 4 to 
5.5 pt. 
In the fruited specimen of the species from which the above macroscopic char- 
acters were taken, the apothecia are submarginal and subpedicellate, the disk chest- 
nut-brown, and the thalloid margin crenulate. The plant examined microscopically 
was from Natick, Massachusetts, collected by Clara E. Cummings. 
Quite common in the northern part of the State. On trees, old wood, and rarely 
on rocks. 
The species is common in the eastern United States and occurs along the west coast. 
Also found in British America and Alaska. The subspecies is alpine and descending. 
Occurs most commonly in our mountainous regions, both eastern and western. Also 
occurs in northern Europe and Asia and farther south in mountains. 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 36.—See page 195. 
EVERNIA Ach. Lich. Univ. 84, 441. pl. 10. f. 1-3. 1810. 
The thallus is more strictly fruticose than that of the more foliose Cetrarias, with 
which the genus is more or less closely related. Some of the species show a tendency 
toward a cylindrical form of thallus with radial arrangement of tissue layers. Branch- 
ing is often dichotomous, and the thallus does not show the shining surface so charac- 
teristic of Cetrarias. The outer pseudocortex consists of an irregular network of hyphe, 
which commonly extends vertical to the surface. Inside of this layer is the algal layer, 
consisting of rather large cells. Next within the algal layer lies the medullary layer, 
composed of loosely interwoven hyphv and frequently hollow toward the center of the 
thallus. Within the medullary tissue lie closely packed longitudinal hyphe in the 
form of a more or less complete hollow cylinder or forming a number of bundles. This 
cylinder of longitudinal hyphze, or the bundles which replace it in some species, may 
be entirely wanting. The color is sea-green or yellow. 
The apothecia are orbicular, large, and commonly terminal or subterminal with 
thalloid margin, the disk concave and of a color differing from that of the thallus. The 
hypothecium is pale and consists of two layers. The hymenium, in ours at least, is 
brownish above and pale or pale brownish below. The spores are hyaline, simple, 
more or less ellipsoid. 
Only two species are certainly known in the State, though a third, Mvernia vulpina 
(L.) Ach.,@ was collected in Minnesota or Wisconsin in 1848 by ©. C. Parry, 
aLich. Univ. 4438. 1810. 
