204 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 
thalloid exciple, the disk pale, the hypothecium pale, the hymenium of the same 
color or tinged with brown. The hypothecium consists of two layers. The spores are 
hyaline, oblong to ellipsoid, and 2-celled. 
The phyletic relations of the genus are by no means known. In superficial appear- 
ance the plants are perhaps most like those of the genus Roccella, but the two genera 
are not closely related anatomically. Morphologically Ramalina is much more closely 
related to Usnea and Evernia. 
The genus is represented in Minnesota by seven quite distinct forms. Ramalina 
calicaris, in some of its forms, is the most common species in the State, through 
Ramalina pusilla is common enough in the northern portion. 
Ramalinas may be looked for on trees, old wood, and rocks, 
Type species Ramalina homalea Ach. loc. cit. 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 40.—Fig. 1, the plant, showing the lobed thallus and the apothecia. Fig. 2, 
a portion of the thallus and three apothecia. Fig. 3, a section through an apothecium and the thallus 
below; a, the hymenium; 6 and c¢, the hypothecium; d, the algal layer; e, the medullary layer; /, the 
algal layer; g, the pseudocortex of entangled hyphe. Fig. 4, a longitudinal section of the thallus; a 
and/, the pseudocortex; band ¢, the algal layer; cand d,the medullary layer. Fig. 5, paraphyses and an 
ascus. Fig. 6, two-celled spores. Fig. 7, algal cells. Fig. 1, natural size; fig. 2, enlarged about 10 diame- 
ters; figs. 8, 4, enlarged 400 diameters; figs. 5-7, enlarged 650 diameters. From Schneider. 
KEY TO THE SPECIES. 
Thallus neither sorediate nor hollow within (inflated), 
Thallus much branched, the lobes narrow. 
Thallus lobes conspicuously canaliculate............-.- lb. R. calicaris can- 
aliculata. 
Thallus lobes not canaliculate..............---.------ 1. R. calicaris. 
Thallus less branched, the lobes wider..................... la. R.calicaris 
fraxinea, 
Thallus lobes either sorediate or inflated. 
Thallus lobes sorediate. 
Thallus lobes sorediate throughout.................--- le. R. calicaris fari- 
nacea. 
Thallus lobes sorediate especially toward the tips...... 2. R. polymorpha. 
Thallus lobes inflated. 
Tips of the lobes deflexed............-..-..----------- 3a. R. pusilla genie- 
ulata. 
Tips of the lobes not deflexed..................-.---- p. R. pusilla. 
1. Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr. Lich. Eur. 30. 1831. Puate 41, A. 
Lichen calicaris L.. Sp. Pl. 1146. 1753. 
Thallus 5 to 60 mm. long, somewhat rigid, composed of tufted lobes, compressed, 
usually more or less lacunose, the lobes numerous and crowded, narrow and dichoto- 
mously branched above, gray to sea-green; apothecia 1 to 6 mm. in diameter, de- 
pressed-flattish, subpedicellate, lateral, terminal or lateral near the apex, sea-green 
to flesh-colored; paraphyses more or less branched, pale and slightly thickened at 
the apex; asci clavate; spores oblong to ellipsoid, straight or slightly curved, 9 to 18 
pe long and 4 to7 # wide. 
Frequent throughout the State. On trees, old wood, and rarely on rocks. 
Ramalina calicaris fastigiata of the preliminary reports. 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 41.—A, Plants of Ramalina calicaris on the limb of a tree showing the foliose 
thallus and the apothecia. B, Plant of R. pusilla, rapidly replacing Lecanoras and Biatoras on the limb 
of a balsam fir. A natural size; B enlarged 2 diameters. 
la. Ramalina calicaris fraxinea (L.) Fr. Lich. Eur. 30. 1831. 
Lichen fravineus Li. Sp. Pl. 1146. 1753. 
