FINK—THE LICHENS OF MINNESOTA. 943 
1. Dermatocarpon miniatum (L.) Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg. 259. 1825. Figure 18. 
Lichen miniatus L. Sp. Pl. 1149. 1753. 
Thallus loosely attached by an umbilicus, more or less orbicular in outline, the 
margin entire or somewhat torn or lobed, large, 10 to 60 mm. in diameter, more or less 
wrinkled, above ashy or varying toward olivaceous-brown, beneath darker varying 
from a pale olivaceous-brown to a blackish brown and usually finely reticulated, 
Meet hela 
catty Upbeat 
Fig. 18.—Dermatocarpon miniatum. a, Plant with the ostioles showing as black dots; 5, section through 
the thallus showing an apothecium having an amphithecium, a, Natural size; b, enlarged 75 diam- 
eters. From Reinke. 
especially toward the margins; apothecia indicated by the pores or ostioles, which 
appear upon somewhat raised and darker, minute spots, the amphithecium pale, or 
rarely pale brownish; paraphyses soon gelatinized and coherent, indistinct; asci 
irregularly clavate, or cylindrico-clavate; spores ellipsoid, hyaline or very faintly 
colored, 9 to 16 » long and 5 to 8 » wide. 
Generally distributed over the State. On rocks, especially calcareous. 
Also widely distributed in North America, Found also in Europe and Africa. 
Endocarpon miniatum of the preliminary reports. 
rl 
la. Dermatocarpon miniatum complicatum (Lightf.) Th. Fr. Nov. Act. Soc. 
Sci. Ups. IIL. 3: 353. 1861. 
Lichen miniatus complicatus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ed. 2. 898. 1777. 
Thallus deeply divided, the divisions often extending almost to the umbilicus, the 
lobes becoming much imbricated (complicate) and sometimes severed from the 
umbilicus, this giving rise to the falsely polyphyllous state. More raised from the 
substratum and scarcely so widely spreading. 
Distributed in the State as the species, and more common. On rocks frequently 
wet. 
North American distribution also quite as general as that of the species. Found 
also in Europe and Africa. 
Endocarpon miniatum complicatum of the preliminary reports. 
1b. Dermatocarpon miniatum aquaticum (Weiss) Fink. Puate 50, A. 
Lichen aquaticus Weiss, Pl. Crypt. Gott, 77. 1770, not L. 1753. 
Thallus quite similar to that of the last, but rather thinner and less imbricated, 
more inclined to a brownish color above and blackish below. 
Reported in the preliminary reports from all parts of northern Minnesota and 
studied under the synonym Lndocarpon fluviatile. Doubtless the present form is as 
widely distributed in the State, but is frequently overlooked in the beds of streams 
where it occurs on the rocks. Hardly entitled to the specific rank now commonly 
given the plant, and herbarium specimens indicate that, in North America at least, 
it is quite generally confused with the last. 
