128 POACEAE 
2. Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl.) Seribn. Stems 9-15 dm. tall. erect: leaf- 
blades 1-3 dm. long or more, 4-10 mm. wide, rough: panicle 7-18 cm. long, contracted, 
its branches erect: spikelets 6-8 mm. long, the scales very hispidulous, the outer ones 
about equal, acuminate and awn-pointed, the flowering scale obtuse, the basal hairs from 
1-3 its length, the awn stout, exceeding or equalling the scale. [C. Nuttalliana Steud. } 
In moist soil, New Hampshire and Massachusetts to Pennsylvania and Georgia. Summer. 
66. AMMOPHILA Host. 
Tall perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades, which are often convolute above, and 
dense spike-like panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla prolonged beyond the flower 
and hairy. Scales 3, rigid, chartaceous, acute, keeled ; flowering scale 5-nerved, with a 
ring of short hairs at the base. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 
1. Ammophila arenàiria (L.) Link. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, erect, rigid, stout, arising 
from a long branching rootstock: leaf-blades 1.5-3 dm. long or more, rigid, attenuated 
into a long slender involute point, rough above : panicle 1-3 dm. long, 1-1.5 cm. in diam- 
eter : spikelets 10-12 mm. long, the scales hispidulous, the flowering scale usually with the 
rudiment of an awn just below the apex. [Calamagrostis arenaria (L.) Roth.] 
In sands along the seacoast, New Brunswick to North Carolina, and inland along the shores of the 
Great Lakes. Summer and fall. SEA SAND REED. 
67. CALAMOVILFA Hack. 
Tall perennial grasses, with horizontal rootstocks, elongated narrow flat leaf-blades, 
involute at the apex, and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets flattened, 1-flowered, 
erowded, the rachilla articulated above the empty scales and not prolonged beyond the 
flower. Scales 3, rigid, chartaceous, awnless, keeled, 1-nerved, the 2 outer empty, unequal, 
persistent, the third scale with a ring of long hairs at the base, enclosing a 2-keeled palet 
and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. REED GRASS. 
1. Calamovilfa Curtissii Vasey. Stems 8-12 dm. tall, erect : leaf-blades 4 dm. long 
or less, 2-3 mm. wide: panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, narrow, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, its branches 
erect: spikelets about 5 mm. long. [Calamagrostis Curtissii Vasey.] 
In dry or moist pine lands along the Indian River, Florida. Summer. 
68. HÓLCUS L. 
Annual or perennial grasses, with usually flat leaf-blades and terminal spike-like con- 
tracted or open often interrupted panicles. Spikelets crowded, 2-flowered, the lower flower 
perfect, the upper one staminate, the rachilla articulated below the empty scales. Scales 
4, the 2 outer empty, keeled, the first 1-nerved, acute, the second broader, 3-nerved, acute 
or short-awned, the third and fourth scales shorter than the second, membranous, at length 
rigid, enclosing flowers, the former awnless, the latter bearing a slender dorsal awn which 
is often hooked when dry; palet narrow, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas 
plumose. VELVET GRASS. 
1. Holcus lanatus L. Softly and densely pubescent. Stems 4-9 dm. tall, erect, 
tufted : leaf-blades 2.5-15 em. long, 4-12 mm. wide: spikelets 4 mm. long, the empty 
scales white-villous, the upper one awn-pointed, the flowering scales 2mm. long, glabrous, 
shining, the upper one 2-toothed and bearing a finally hooked awn just below the apex. 
In meadows, fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Illinois, North Carolina and Tennes- 
see. Also on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe. Summer. VELVET GRASS. 
69. AIRA L. 
Mostly annual grasses, with narrow leaf-blades and contracted or open panicles. 
Spikelets small, 2-flowered, both flowers perfect. Scales 4, the lower 2 empty, thin-mem- 
branous, acute, subequal, persistent, the flowering scales usually close together on the 
rachilla, hyaline, mucronate or 2-toothed, bearing a delicate awn inserted just below the 
middle. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. Harr GRASS, 
1. Aira caryophyllea L. Glabrous throughout. Stems 1-2.5 dm. tall, erect, from 
an annual root, slender: leaf-blades 1-5 cm. long, involute-setaceous : panicle silvery, 
shining, 2-10 cm. long, open, its branches spreading or ascending : spikelets 2-2.5 mm. 
long, the empty scales acute, the flowering scales very acute, 2-toothed, 2 mm. long, bear- 
ing an awn 3-4 mm. long. 
In fields and waste places, Massachusetts to North Carolina. Also on the Pacific Coast. Natural- 
ized from Europe. Spring and summer. 
