132 POACEAE 
base of the stems and along the stolons; blades 2.5-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat, rigid, 
rough above : spikes 4 or 5, digitate, 1-5 em. long: spikelets 2 mm. long, the outer scales 
hispid on the keel. [Cynodon Dactylon (L.) Pers.] 
In fields and waste places, southern New York to Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Florida and Texas. 
Naturalized from Europe. Summer and fall. BERMUDA GRASS. 
76. SPARTINA Schreb. 
Often tall grasses, with flat or convolute leaf-blades and spicate inflorescence, the spikes 
one-sided, the rachis extending beyond the spikelets. Spikelets 1-flowered, sessile or 
nearly so, much crowded and imbricated in 2 rows. Scales 3, firm-membranous, the 2 
outer empty, narrow, very unequal, keeled, the flowering scale equalling or a little longer 
and broader than the second scale ; palet thin or almost hyaline, enclosing a perfect flower, 
obscurely 2-nerved, scarcely included in the scale which it often slightly exceeds. Stamens 
3. Styles elongated. Stigmas 2, thread-like, papillose or shortly plumose. MARSH Grass. 
Second scale long-awned. 1. S. cynosuroides. 
Second scale awnless. 
First scale strongly hispid on the keel. 
Leaf-blades wide (1-2.5 em.), flat. 
Leaf-blades narrow (6 mm. or less) involute, at least when dry. 
First scale less than !2 as long as the second: spikes usually few, erect or 
to 
. S. polystachya. 
. Ascending. 3. S. patens. 
First scale about 34 as long as the second : spikes numerous, appressed. 4. S. junciformis. 
First scale not hispid on the keel. 5. S. stricta, 
1. Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Willd. Stems 6-18 dm. tall: leaf-blades 3 dm. 
long or more, 6-14 mm. wide, attenuate into long slender tips: spikes 5-30, ascending or 
erect, 5-13 cm. long: spikelets strongly imbricated, 12-14 mm. long, the empty scales 
strongly hispid on the keel. 
In swamps and streams of brackish or fresh water, Nova Scotia to Assiniboia, New Jersey and 
Texas. Summer and fall. 
2. Spartina polystachya ( Michx. ) Ell. Stems 1-3 m. tall, stout : leaf-blades 3 dm. 
long or more, 1-2.5 cm. wide, flat, attenuate into long slender tips: spikes 20-50, as- 
cending, 5-10 em. long: spikelets much imbricated, 8-10 mm. long, the empty scales 
strongly hispid on the keel. 
In salt and brackish marshes, New Jersey to Florida. Summer and fall. WHITE RUSH. SALT 
REED GRASS. 
3. Spartina patens ( Ait.) Muhl. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, usually from a branching and 
decumbent base: leaf-blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, involute, attenuate into long 
tips: spikes 2-10, 2.5-5 cm. long, usually ascending: spikelets 6-8 mm. long, the empty 
scales hispid on the keel. [S. juncea Willd. ] 
On salt meadows, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. SALT 
MEADOW GRASS. WHITE RUSH. 
——— 4. Spartina juncifórmis Engelm. & Gray. Stems tufted, stout, rigid, 3-10 dm. 
tall: leaf-sheaths thick, hard, the lower ones shining ; blades involute, 5 dm. long or less : 
panicle 1-2 dm. long, narrow, strict, its branches 3-4 em. long: spikelets about 7 mm. 
long, the first scale at least $ as long as the third scale. 
In sandy or alluvial soil, Florida to Texas. Summer and fall. 
5. Spartina stricta (Ait.) Roth. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, erect, usually stout: leaf- 
blades 5 dm. long or less: panicle 1-3 dm. long, its branches appressed, 4-10 cm. long : 
spikelets 1-1.5 cm. long, glabrous or appressed-pubescent. [S. glabra Muhl.] 
In salt or brackish marshes, Maine to Florida, Texas and California. Summer and fall. 
77. CAMPULOSUS Desv. 
Often tall perennial grasses, with narrow flat or convolute leaf-blades and usually a 
terminal straight or curved dense spike. Spikes rarely 2 or 3. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, if 
the latter the upper flower staminate, sessile, crowded in 2 rows. Scales 6 or 7, the lower 
4 empty, the first small, keeled, awnless, the second larger than the others, membranous or 
rigid, acute or 2-cleft, generally bearing near the middle a dorsal often stout and usually 
horizontal awn, orthe awn sometimes reduced to a tubercle, the third, fourth and fifth scales 
awned, more delicate than the second, the 2 former empty or enclosing palets, the fifth scale 
enclosing a palet and a perfect flower, the remaining scales narrow, empty or enclosing 
palets, the first also rarely a staminate flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas 
plumose. TOOTHACHE GRASS. 
