210 CYPERACEAE 
29. Carex stricta Lam. Leaves rarely overtopping the scape; blades very rough- 
margined, 2-4 mm. wide: sheaths becoming fibrillose : scapes slender, stiff, usually in 
dense clumps, sharply 3-angled, rough above, 3-11 dm. tall: lower bract similar to the 
leaves: staminate spikes solitary or sometimes 2, stalked: pistillate spikes 2-5, linear-cyl- 
indric, often staminate at the top, densely flowered, or loose at the base, 2-5 cm. long, 
about 4 mm. thick, sessile or the lower stalked: scales brown purple with green margins 
and midvein, oblong or lanceolate, appressed : stigmas 2: perigynia ovate, elliptic, acute, 
faintly few-nerved, 2 mm. long or less, minutely beaked, the orifice entire or nearly so. 
In swamps, Newfoundland to Ontario, Nebraska, Georgia and Texas.—A form with 6-8 more 
densely flowered Hips mostly obtuse, if not staminate at the apex and the lowest one at least sub- 
tended by a leaf-like bract, is C. stricta Emóryi (Dewey) Bailey. Texas. Summer and fall. 
30. Carex tórta Boott. Leaf-blades about 4 mm. wide ; sheaths not fibrillose : scapes 
slender, smooth or slightly scabrous above, 4-10 dm. long: lower bract commonly folia- 
ceous : staminate spikes 1-3, stalked: pistillate spikes 3-5, all but the upper spreading 
or drooping, linear, 2-7.5 cm. long, about 4 mm. in diameter, often loosely flowered 
toward the base: scales ovate, purple-brown and each with a green midvein, shorter and 
mostly narrower than the perigynia: stigmas 2: perigynia oblong or narrowly ovate, 
green, nerveless, narrowed and more or less twisted above, 2-3 mm. long. 
In marshes and wet thickets, Maine and Vermont to North Carolina and Missouri. Summer. 
31. Carex prasina Wahl. Leaves light green; blades flaccid, roughish, 3-5 mm. 
wide: scapes slender, smooth or nearly so, reclining, 3-angled, 3-7 dm. long: lower bract 
similar to the leaves, commonly overtopping the spikes: staminate spike short-stalked, 
often pistillate at the summit : pistillate spikes 2 or 3, linear-cylindric, drooping, the lower 
filiform-stalked, 2-6 cm. long, 4 mm. in diameter, rather loosely many-flowered : scales 
ovate, acute, acuminate, or short-awned, pale green, shorter than the perigynia : stigmas 
3: perigynia light green, lanceolate, obscurely nerved, each tapering into a slender, mi- 
nutely 2-toothed beak. [C. miliacea Muhl.] 
In meadows and moist thickets. Maine to Ontario, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and in the 
Alleghenies to Georgia. Spring and summer. 
32. Carex littoralis Schwein. Leaves somewhat glaucous: blades 3-4 mm. wide, 
smooth, the lower sheaths fibrillose: scapes smooth, 2-5 dm. tall, bracts not sheathing, the 
lower usually short and narrow : staminate spikes 1-3, usually rather long-stalked : pistil- 
late spikes 2-4, drooping or the upper ascending, slender-stalked, linear-cylindric, 1-5 cm. 
long, 6 mm. in diameter, mostly staminate at the summit : scales brown-purple with lighter 
margins, obtuse, equalling or shorter than the perigynia : stigmas 3: perigynia oblong, 
green, faintly few-nerved, 2-3 mm. long, each tipped with a minute entire beak. [C. Bar- 
rattii Schwein. ] 
In pine-land swamps, Long Island and New Jersey to eastern Pennsylvania and North Carolina 
Spring and summer. 
33. Carex crinita Lam. Stems and scapes 3-angled, 5-13 dm. tall : leaves not glau- 
cous ; blades rough-margined, 6-10 mm. wide, the lowest very short and sheathing : stam- 
inate spikes 1 or 2, stalked: pistillate spikes 3-5, narrowly cylindric, 2-11 cm. long, 6-8 
mm. in diameter, stalked, drooping: scales green, subulate, ciliate-scabrous, spreading, 
2-6 times as long as the perigynia: stigmas 2: perigynia obovoid, obtuse, about 2 mm. 
long and nearly as thick, nerveless, each abruptly tipped by a short entire beak. 
In swamps and wet woods, Nova Scotia and Ontario to Florida and Texas. Summer. 
34. Carex gynandra Schwein. Similar to the next preceding species in habit. 
Leaves glabrous or the sheaths often finely pubescent, not glaucous; blades 6-12 mm. 
wide : pistillate spikes 2-10 cm. long, narrowly cylindric: scales subulate, rough, ascend- 
ing, 2-4 times as long as the peur perigynia oblong or elliptic, faintly few-nerved or 
nerveless, compressed, slightly inflated, 3-4 mm. long, and about 3 as broad, each tapering 
to an acute entire orifice. 
In swamps, Nova Scotia to New York, Florida and Louisiana. Summer. 
35. Carex macrokólea Steud. Stems and scapes stout, 5-11 dm. tall. Leaves 
glaucous; blades rough, 3-6 mm. wide, tapering to very long narrow tips: lower bracts 
similar to the leaves : staminate spikes 1 or 2, short-stalked: pistillate spikes 2-8, cylin- 
dric, 2-5 cm. long, erect, sessile or the lower stalked : scales oblong, rough-awned, as long 
as the pengruis or longer: perigynia dark brown, 3-angled, 3 mm. long, several-nerved, 
each abruptly contracted into a short sharp beak. 
In swamps, Missouri to Florida and Texas. Summer. 
36. Carex verrucósa Muhl. Stems and scapes slender, 1 m. tall or less: leaves 
glaucous; blades smooth or very nearly so, 2-6 mm. wide, long-attenuate: staminate 
spike 1, stalked : pistillate spikes 1-6, cylindric, 3-5 cm. long, filiform-stalked and nod- 
