260 JUNCACEAE 
long: sepals and petals subulate : stamens 3, j-$ as long as the perianth ; anthers shorter 
than the filaments: capsule subulate, 1-celled, slightly exceeding the perianth, the valves 
in dehiscence remaining united by the slender beak, abruptly divergent below, the mar- 
gins finally involute: seeds narrowly oblong, acute at either end, with nearly straight 
apiculations, 0.45-0.6 mm. long, reticulated in about 13 longitudinal rows, the areolae 
smooth. 
In sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Summer. 
27. Juncus válidus Coville. Plants 4-10 dm. high. Stems stout, compressed, 1-3- 
leaved : leaf-blades commonly 10-20 em. long, merely compressed, 2-4 mm. wide, gradu- 
ally acuminate above, the septa complete: inflorescence 8-35 cm. high, its branches stiff 
and spreading, its bracts with nearly obsolete blades: heads globose, 12-15 mm. in diameter 
in fruit: perianth 4-5 mm. long: sepals and petals subulate : stamens about 3 as long as 
the perianth ; anthers not exceeding the filaments : capsules subulate, often falcate, ex- 
ceeding the perianth, 1-celled, the valves separating throughout in dehiscence, flat, their 
apiees spreading : seeds broadly oval, broadly acute at both ends, 0.4-0.55 mm. in length, 
not more than twice as long as broad, reticulated in about 20 longitudinal rows, the are- 
olae smooth. 
In sandy soil, Missouri to Mississippi and Texas. Summer and fall. 
28. Juncus brachycárpus Engelm. Plants 2-9 dm. high, loosely tufted from hori- 
zontal rootstocks, which have a yearly growth of 1-5 cm., a thickness of about 2.5 mm., and 
bear 1-6 stems. Stems terete : stem-leaves 1—4 ; blades terete, 2 mm. thick or less, seldom 
exceeding 15 em. in length, or the upper much shorter : inflorescence 10 em. in height, 
and with 20 heads, or reduced toa single one: perianth 3-3.5 mm. long : sepals and petals 
subulate, the petals about $ as long as the sepals : stamens about 4 as long as the perianth : 
capsules 3-2 as long as the perianth, oblong, acute, mucronate, 1-celled, dehiscent through 
the muero : seeds oblong, acute at both ends, 0.35-0.4 mm. long, reticulated in about 18 
longitudinal rows, the areolae smooth, nearly isodiametrical. 
In sandy soil or low grounds, southern Ontario and the Mississippi Valley. Also from Maryland 
to North Carolina. Summer. 
29. Juncus trigonocárpus Steud. Plants 6-12 dm. high, in tufts, from short con- 
gested rootstocks. Stems stout, 2.5-4 mm. or 5 mm. thick at the base, much narrower above, 
terete or nearly so, 3-4-leaved : leaf-blades nearly as thick as the stem, commonly 15-40 em. 
long, or the upper shorter : inflorescence commonly 8-20 em. high, the breadth about 3 the 
height, ordinarily much branched and with the clusters 2-4-flowered, sometimes less- 
branched and with the clusters 5-10-flowered : perianth 3-4 mm. long: sepals and petals 
3-5-nerved, lanceolate, narrowly acute, the sepals shorter than the petals: stamens 3, 
3-1 the length of the perianth ; anthers shorter than the filaments : capsules lanceolate in 
outline, tapering to a narrow acute apex, dark red, about twice as long as the perianth, 
1-celled above, the placentae toward the base intruded to the center : seeds tailed at either 
end, about 2 mm. long including the tails. [J. caudatus Chapm.] 
In low grounds and sandy bogs, South Carolina to Florida and Alabama. Summer and fall. 
30. Juncus Canadénsis J. Gay. Plants 3-12 dm. high, stout. Stems 2-4-leaved, 
few in a tuft, from a branched rootstock : leaves various ; basal usually decayed at flower- 
ing time ; stem-leaves with large loose auriculate sheaths commonly 5-10 em. long, and 
a stout erect blade usually 10-25 em. long: panicle 7-25 em. in height, the branches mod- 
erately spreading : heads usually erowded, top-shaped to hemispherie or globose, 5-40- 
flowered : perianth 3-4 mm. long : sepals and petals narrowly lanceolate, acute, the petals 
longer than the sepals : stamens 3, 3-3 as long as the perianth ; anthers much shorter than 
the filaments : capsule lanceolate, acute, mucronate, 3-sided, 1-celled, reddish brown, ex- 
ceeding the perianth by 1 mm. or less: seeds 1 mm. to nearly 2 mm. long, tailed at either 
end, the body with a smooth shining coat, about 40-striate. 
In moist or wet soil, New Brunswick to Minnesota, Georgia and Louisiana. Summer and fall.—A 
form, J. Canadensis subcaudátus Engelm., has frequently weak and reclining slender stems 4-8 dm. long 
aad a heads and seeds with very short tails; it occurs from Rhode Island to Pennsylvania and 
31. Juncus diffusíssimus Buckl. Plants 3-6 dm. high. Rootstock short and in- 
conspicuous : stems usually few in a tuft, slender, terete or slightly compressed, 2—4- 
leaved : leaf-blades 10-20 em. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick : inflorescence diffusely branched, 
10-20 em. high, much exceeding its lowest bract, the branches slender and widely spread- 
ing : heads 3-12-flowered : perianth 2.5-3.5 mm. long: sepals and petals subulate, equal : 
stamens 3-3 as long as the perianth : capsule linear-lanceolate, 4-5.5 mm. in length, 
almost twice as long as the perianth, obtuse or broadly acute, short-mucronate, 1-celled, 
the valves separating through the apex in dehiscence: seeds oblong to obovoid, 0.4-0.5 
mm. long, acute at the base, abruptly apiculate at the apex, reticulated in about 16 rows, 
the areolae transversely plurilineolate. 
In low grounds, Indiana and Kansas to Georgia and Texas. Spring and summer. 
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