458 PODOPHYLLACEAE 
5. Castalia flava (Leitner) Greene. Perennial by a stout rootstock. Leaves with 
slender petioles ; blades floating, oval, suborbicular or sometimes slightly ovate, 6-20 cm. 
long, obtuse, more or less undulate, glabrous, bright green above, crimson or purple be- 
neath, the nerves impressed beneath; sinus V-shaped or closed: flowers 6-10 cm. 
broad : sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, often reddish without: 
petals bright yellow, like the sepals in shape or varying to oblanceolate: berry subglo- 
bose, 2-2.5 cm. broad: seeds subglobose. [Nymphaea flava Leitner. ] 
In lakes, lagoons and slow streams, Florida. Spring to fall. 
FAMILY 9. PODOPHYLLACEAE DC. BaRBERRY FAMILY. 
Perennial, sometimes acaulescent herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, some- 
times all basal, with or without stipules: blades simple or compound, often 
petioled. Flowers perfect, regular, solitary or in racemes. Sepals and petals 
usually six, imbricated, in 2 series each (except the sepals in Jeffersonia), the petals 
opposite the sepals. Androecium of 6-18 stamens. Filaments sometimes flat- 
tened. Anthers extrorse, opening by valves, except in Podophyllum. Gynoecium, 
of a single carpel in our genera. Ovules 2-many, anatropous. Fruit a berry or 
capsule. Seeds with endosperm. Embryo straight or nearly so. 
Herbs: leaves with simple or ternately compound blades. 
Anthers opening lengthwise. 1. PoDOPHYLLUM. 
Anthers opening by valves hinged at the top. 
Leaf-blades simple : seeds enclosed. 
Flower solitary : stamens 8: fruit a capsule. 2. JEFFERSONIA. 
Flowers several, cymose : stamens 6: fruit baccate. 3. DIPHYLLEIA. 
Leaf-blades ternately compound : seed naked, drupe-like. 4. CAULOPHYLLUM. 
Shrubs: leaves with pinnately compound blades, sometimes 1-foliolate. 5. BERBERIS. 
1 PODOPHYLLUM L. 
Strong-scented glabrous herbs, with elongated poisonous rootstocks. Flowering stems 
erect, simple below, bearing 2 flat peltate many-lobed leavesat the top. Flower white and 
showy, solitary, nodding on a short pedicel on the top of the stem. Sepals 6, petal-like. 
Petals 6-9, larger than the sepals. Stamens 6-18: filaments distinct: anthers opening 
lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, sessile: stigma peltate, sessile. Ovules numerous. Berry 
large, many-seeded, edible. Seeds immersed in the pulp. MAY APPLE. INDIAN APPLE. 
1. Podophyllum peltàtum L. Rootstock horizontal. Foliage glabrous, bright 
green: sterile stems simple, 2-4 dm. long, surmounted by a centrally peltate umbrella- 
like, 7-9-lobed leaf-blade 1-3 dm. broad, the lobes cuneate at the base, 2-3-cleft at the 
apex, the segments usually toothed : fertile stems erect, simple, 2-4 dm. long, surmounted 
by usually 2 petioled leaf-blades similar or nearly similar to that of the sterile stem, but 
attached at or near the margin: pedicel stout, 2-4 cm. long, arising between the petioles : 
flower nodding: bractlets 3, green, caducous: sepals 6, fugacious: petals 6-9, obovate, 
2.5-4 em. long, wax-like, white: berry obliquely oblong or ovoid, 4-5 cm. long, greenish 
yellow, tipped with the black remains of the style. 
In woods and on hillsides, Quebec to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Spring. WILD MANDRAKE. 
2. JEFFERSONIA Bart. 
Acaulescent herbs with short rootstocks and glabrous foliage. Leaves basal: blades 
2-parted, long-petioled. Flower perfect, white, solitary at the end of a long scape. Sepals 
4, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 8, larger than the sepals. Stamens 8: filaments distinct : 
anthers opening by 2 valves. Ovary 1-celled: style wanting: stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 
numerous, in many rows. Capsule leathery, broadest at the top, opening bya terminal lid. 
Seeds numerous, each with a fleshy cleft aril. "TwriN-LEAF. 
1. Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers. Foliage glabrous, more or less glaucous. Leaves 
basal, tufted; petioles erect, 1-3 dm. tall; blades 2-parted, the segments obliquely reni- 
form, 5-10 cm. long, nearly entire or coarsely crenate, becoming deep green above, 
glaucous beneath : scapes erect, about equalling the petioles in length or a little longer at 
maturity, simple: sepals oblong-oblanceolate, 1.5-2 cm. long, obtuse : petals white, similar 
to the sepals, often a little longer: capsule obovoid or obconie, 1.5-2 cm. long, short- 
pq rupi somewhat curved at the base, opening by a transverse lid : seeds 4-7 mm. 
ong, red. 
In woods and thickets, Ontario and Wisconsin to Virginia and Tennessee. Spring. 
