682 POLYGALACEAE 
em. long, open, about as long as the peduncles : pedicels 4-10 mm. long : sepals elliptic or 
oblong-lanceolate, 2 mm. long, acute: petals purplish, narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, 
about 1 em. long, obtuse, spreading: drupes subglobose, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, yellow, 
smooth : seeds lobed, very rough, wingless. 
Nearly throughout our range, naturalized from Asia.— M. Azedarach wmbraculifera Sarg., is the form 
with a depressed umbrella-like top, it is cultivated and spontaneous in the Gulf States. 
2. SWIETENIA Jacq. 
Tropical American lofty trees, with dark red wood. Leaves alternate, with abruptly 
pinnate blades: leaflets opposite, the blades leathery, oblique, undulate. Flowers perfect, 
in axillary or nearly terminal panicles. Sepals 5, imbricated, united to above the middle. 
Disk annular. Petals 5, contorted, spreading. Staminal tube urn-shaped, 10-toothed : 
anthers 10, attached below the sinuses of the tube. Ovary ovoid, 5-celled: stigma dis- 
coid. > Ovules numerous in each cavity, pendulous, half-anatropous. Capsule 5-celled, 
opening septicidally from the base by 5 valves from the 5-angled or 5-winged axis, its 
valves of 2 layers. Seeds numerous, imbricated in 2 rows in each cavity, each produced 
into a long membranous wing. Endosperm thin, fleshy. Embryo transverse, with large 
closely united cotyledons. MAHOGANY. MADEIRA REDWOOD. 
1. Swietenia Mahàgoni Jacq. A massive evergreen forest tree, with a maximum 
height of 25 m. and with a trunk diameter of 3 or 4 m. at the swollen base. Bark sepa- 
rating in large scales: leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, petioled : leaflets 4-8, the blades leathery, 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-8 cm. long, very inequilateral, acuminate, undulate, acute or 
rounded at the curved base : panicles 8-15 cm. long, open, about as long as the peduncles : 
sepals half-orbicular, about 1 mm. long, united below: corolla 8-9 mm. broad : petals 
oblong-obovate, usually 3-4 mm. long, obtuse, spreading : stamina] tube as long as the pistil, 
its lobes acute or acuminate: capsule ovoid, 6-12 cm. long: seeds 1-1.5 cm. long, the 
wing about 1} times longer than the body, membranous, red. 
In sand and coral rock, Florida Keys. Also in the West India and Bahama Islands, Central and 
northern South America. Summer; fruit ripening in the fall or winter. 
Order 15. POLYGALALES. 
Herbs or shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled, some- 
times much reduced. Flowers perfect. Perianth of two series. Calyx of 5 or 
rarely 3 or 4 sepals. Corolla apparently papilionaceous, or regular (TREMAN- 
DRACEAE). Androecium of 6, 8 or 10 stamens. Filaments distinct or united 
and sometimes partially adnate to the corolla. Anthers opening by terminal 
pores or cracks. Gynoecium of 2 united carpels, or rarely more. Style often 
bent. Ovules mostly solitary in each cavity. Fruit capsular. Seeds usually 
carunculate and often hairy. 
FAMILY 1. POLYGALACEAE Reichenb. MirkwoRT FAMILY. 
Herbs, or rarely shrubs or trees in the tropics, with a watery sap, at least 
above the roots. Leaves alternate, or opposite or whorled, sometimes scale- 
like: stipules wanting. Flowers irregular, apparently papilionaceous, variously 
disposed. Calyx of 5, mostly free, imbricated sepals, the 2 inner petaloid, 
ealled wings. Corolla of 5 or often 3 petals ; lower one concave, often beaked or 
crested, called the keel, more or less united to the others. Androecium of 4 or 
usually 8 stamens. Filaments usually united into a tube cleft on the back, 
rarely free.  Anthers innate, becoming 1-celled, opening by terminal pores or 
cracks.  Gynoecium of 2 or rarely 5 united carpels, or apparently 1-carpellary. 
Ovary 2-celled. Styles united. Stigma curved, dilated or lobed. Ovule Sous 
pendulous, anatropous. Fruit mostly capsular, 2-celled. Seeds with or Me 
endosperm, often pubescent, usually caruncled at the hilum. Embryo straight. 
1. POLYGALA L. 
Herbs or shrubby plants, some species producing racemes of cleistogamous 
the base. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled. Flowers perfect, often showy, s 
densely crowded spikes or racemes. Sepals 5, unequal, the two lateral ones peta 
flowers at 
n in 
-like 
