690 EUPHORBIACEAE 
Order 16. EUPHORBIALES. 
Herbs, shrubs or trees, sometimes aquatic or amphibious, but mainly ter- 
restrial, commonly with a milky juice. Leaves various, sometimes reduced to 
scales or almost wanting. Flowers mainly monoecious or dioecious, regular. 
Calyx of several sepals. Corolla of several petals, or often wanting. Androe- 
cium of more than one stamen, except when the staminate flowers are scattered 
over the inside of an involucre or in the flowers of Callitriche. Filaments dis- 
tinct’ or united into a column. Anthers opening by longitudinal or transverse 
valves. Gynoecium of 2, 3 or 4 united carpels, superior. Styles or stigmas 
usually distinct and cleft or foliaceous, united by pairs in CALLITRICHACEAE. 
Ovules 1, 2 or 3 in each cavity. Fruit capsular, sometimes achene-like. Seeds 
often carunculate. 
Styles or stigmas distinct or mainly so, cleft or foliaceous : ovary 3-celled or rarely 1-2-celled : stamens 
k +. several, except when on the inside of an involucre. Fam. 1. EUPHORBIACEAE. 
Styles united by pairs: ovary 4-celled: stamen solitary. Fam. 2. CALLITRICHACEAE, 
FAMILY 1. EUPHORBIACEAE J. St. Hil. SPURGE FAMILY. 
Monoecious or dioecious herbs, shrubs or trees, with acrid often milky sap. 
Leaves opposite, alternate or verticillate, entire or toothed, sessile or petioled, 
sometimes with glands at the base. Stipules present, obsolete or wanting. In- 
florescence various. Flowers apetalous or petaliferous, sometimes much re- 
duced and subtended by an involucre which resembles a calyx (Euphorbia and 
related genera), the number of parts in the floral whorls often different in the 
staminate and pistillate flowers. Stamens few, or numerous, in one series or 
many. Filaments separate or united. Ovary usually 3-celled. Ovules 1 or 2 
in each cavity, pendulous. Styles as many as the cavities of the ovary, simple, 
divided, or many-cleft. Fruit a mostly 3-lobed capsule, separating at ma- 
turity, often elastically, into 3 2-valved carpels from a persistent axis. Seeds 
anatropous. Embryo straight, or slightly curved, in fleshy or oily endosperm, 
the broad cotyledons almost filling the seed-coats. 
A. Flowers not in an involucre : calyx of several sepals. 
Ovules and seeds 2 in each cavity. 
Monoecious or rarely dioecious: ovary 3-celled ; fruit capsular. 
Stamens 5-6. 1, ANDRACHNE. 
Stamens 2-3. 
Stamens 3: filaments partially united. 2. PHYLLANTHUS. 
Stamens 2: filaments distinct. 3. REVERCHONIA. 
Dioecious : ovary 1-2-celled : fruit drupaceous or baccate. 4. DRYPETES. 
Ovules and seeds solitary in each cavity. E 
a. Flowers either staminate or pistillate or both,in more or less elongated 
spikes or racemes (pistillate basal), if clustered on spurs corolla wanting. 
Corolla present in either staminate or pistillate flowers orin both (except 
in Croton maritimus). 
Stamens 5-6: filaments distinct. : 
Filaments 6: capsules 3-celled, dehiscent. 5. CROTON. PSIS 
Filaments 5: capsules 1-celled, achene-like. 6. CROTONOPSIS. 
Stamens 10: filaments monadelphous. 7, DITAXIS. 
Corolla wanting. 
Styles 2-3 : ovary 2-3-celled. 
Ovary and capsule 2-celled : styles 2: sepals distinct. _ 8. 
Ovary and capsule 3-celled : styles 3 (gynoecium sometimes 2-car- 
pellary in Sapium, but sepals partially united). 
Stamens numerous, 8-20, rarely few in some flowers. 
——— fen EAT ase in theaxils. 9. 
taminate flowers in spikes or racemes. ? E 
Stigmas2-cleft (in ourspecies): pistillate flowers terminal. 10. BERN iam 
Stigmas dissected : pistillate flowers axillary. 11. ACALYPHA. 
Stamens 1-5. 
Pistillate fiowers and capsules pedicelled. 
MERCURALIS. 
RICINELLA. 
Calyx manifest. 12. IRAOI 
Calyx obsolete or rudimentary. 13. GYMNANTHES. 
Oaie Howers and capan es sesane 
eceptacle with a central column. z 
Fruit dry : seeds with caruncles. 14. REBASTI er) 
Fruit fleshy: seeds without caruncles. 15. Lande re 
Receptacle with 3 horns. 16. STI LN. 
Styles 6-8 : ovary 6-8-celled. 17. HIP 
