VIOLACEAE 801 
b. Rootstock thick, not succulent, fibrous rooted. 
Leaf-blades lobed. 28. V. tripartita. 
Leaf-blades entire. 
Blades from hastate-lanceolate to rhomboidal. 
Plant 8-15 em. high: corolla scarcely veined. 29. V. tenuipes. 
Plant 2-4 dm. high: corolla conspicuously veined. 28. V. tripartita. 
Blades ovate-reniform. 
Plant pubescent: root-leaves usually wanting. 30. V. pubescens. 
Plant glabrate: root-leaves usually present. 31. V. scabriuscula. 
B. Corolla purple, white or cream-colored. 
Stipules entire. CANADENSES. 82. V. Canadensis. 
Stipules incised or pinnatifid. 
Perennials: stipules much smaller than the leaf-blades. CANINAE.| 
Petals eream-colored, the lower ones purple-veined. 33. V. striata. 
Petals blue or purple, rarely white, 
Spur shorter than the petals: stems prostrate. 34. V. multicaulis. 
Spur longer than the petals : stems erect. 35. V. rostrata. 
Annual: stipules nearly as large as the blades. TRICOLORES. 36. V. Rafinesquii. 
1. Viola pedata L. Plant glabrous, from a short vertical rootstock: leaves with 
blades nearly orbicular in outline, pedately divided into 5-11 linear, frequently dentate, 
lobes, those of the earlier ones broader and spatulate: corolla 2-3.5 cm. broad, blue, pale 
lilac or rarely white, the two upper petals occasionally deep purple: stigma erostrate : 
capsules prismatic, 1-1.4 em. long. 
In dry fields, woods and meadows,|Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Missouri. Spring. 
2. Viola palmàta L. Plant mostly solitary from a horizontal rootstock : leaves 
pubescent, or occasionally glabrate, the blades much shorter than the petioles, cordate- 
ovate in outline, more or less deeply 5-13-lobed, 5-15 cm. long when mature, the middle 
lobe commonly the broadest; blades of the earlier leaves merely crenate-dentate, un- 
lobed : scapes rarely exceeding the leaves: sepals lanceolate, acute: petals deep blue, 
1-2.5 em. long: capsules 8-12 mm. long: cleistogamous flowers and capsules on hori- 
zontal or deflexed peduncles. 
In woods in upland regions, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Georgia and Arkansas. Spring.— V. 
palmata dilatàta Ell. has the blades of. all or most of the leaves 3-lobed, the large middle lobe ovate, the 
smaller lateral ones lunate or subfalcate ; it occurs with the type and is the prevailing form south ward. 
V. palmata asarifotia (Pursh) House, is villous and has the blades of all or most of the leaves unlobed, 
the margins merely crenate; it occurs with the type but is not common. 
3. Viola falcàta Greene. Plant solitary, from a long perpendicular rootstock : 
leaves sparingly pubescent, the blades 6-10 cm. long, broadly cordate-deltoid, cleft into 
several segments, these either simple or lobed, the outer ones distinctly falcate: flowers 
resembling those of V. palmata: cleistogamous flowers and capsules on slender horizontal 
peduncles, the capsules often partially hypogaeous. 
In dry but rich woods, southern Illinois to the mountains of North Carolina and Alabama. Spring 
and early summer. 
4. Viola septémloba Le Conte. Leaves glabrous and succulent, mostly spreading, 
the earlier ones very short-petioled ; blades cordate-ovate in outline, the first entire, the 
later dentate or lobed, those of the aestival leaves pedate, 7-lobed, the central lobe the 
largest, the lowermost lobes frequently runcinate : scapes 1-2 dm. high, surpassing the 
leaves : sepals lanceolate, whitish margined : corolla 2-4 em. broad, rather light purple, 
the petals prominently veined. 
In pine lands, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana. Winter and spring. 
5. Viola vicinàlis Greene. Plant glabrous, 2-5 dm. high : leaves long-petioled, the 
blades of the earlier ones cordate-ovate, those of the later broadly trigonous, with trun- 
cate base and very obtuse apex, variously 3-lobed, the central lobe the largest, the margins 
entire or obscurely crenate : scapes not surpassing the leaves: corolla large, 4 cm. in di- 
ameter, deep purple: petals oblong, nearly equal, the lateral copiously bearded : sepals 
narrowly lanceolate and acuminate. [V. insignis Pollard. ] 
In dry pine lands, Florida to Mississippi, near the coast. Winter and early spring. 
..9. Viola subsinuàta Greene. Plant similar to V. heterophylla in habit: leaves 
With traces of pubescence, the blades trigonous in outline, all, even the earliest, 
Subsinuately toothed or parted ; petioles very short : scapes slender, ascending, exceeding 
the leaves : ‘corolla light blue, the petals broad and obtuse: capsules, particularly those 
from the horizontal cleistogenes, small and short. 
On mountain slopes, eastern Tennessee. Spring. 
7. Viola heterophylla Muhl. Plant of low, spreading habit, glabrous and more or 
less succulent: leaves with blades somewhat rugose-veined, elongated-ovate, cordate, 
acute, crenate-dentate, entire or somewhat palmately 5-lobed, the middle lobe much the 
est ; petioles shorter than the blades : scapes 8-15 cm. high : corolla 2-2.5 cm. in di- 
ameter, purple, whitish at the base, veiny: sepals linear. 
In river Swamps and clay soils, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana. Spring. 
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