860 AMMIACEAE 
compound few-rayed umbels. Bracts of the involucres resembling the leaves. Sepals 5. 
persistent. Petals white, yellowish or purple, broadest above the middle, emarginate. 
Disk flat. Fruit subglobose or oblong, somewhat dorsally flattened, armed with hooked 
bristles : carpels without ribs: oil-tubes usually 5. SNAKE-Roor. BLACK SNAKE-ROOT. 
Perennial: stamens and style exserted. 
Roots slender: leaf-blades 5-divided or 5-foliolate: stamens and styles slenderly exserted. 
Petals and anthers greenish white: sepals linear-subulate: fruit about 6 mm. long. 
1. S. Marylandica. 
Petals and anthers yellow : sepals ovate: fruit about 3 mm. long. 2. S. gregaria. 
Roots tuberous thickened : leaf-blades3-divided or 3-foliolate : stamens and style = 
short-exserted. 3. S. Smallii. 
Biennial: stamens and style included. 
Pedicels of the staminate flowers 3-4 times the length of the hypanthium and e 
calyx : seeds with 2 large oil tubes. ; 4. S. trifoliata. 
Pedicels of the staminate flowers 1-2 times the length of the hypanthium and 
calyx: seeds with 5 large oil-tubes. 
Leaf-bades becoming 8-i5 em. broad: leaflets or leaf-segments thin, the teeth 
weakly aculeate. ds 5. S. Canadensis. 
Leaf-blades mostly less than 6 em. broad : leaflets or leaf-segments thickish, ; 
the teeth spinulose-cuspidate. 6. S. Floridana. 
1. Sanicula Marylándica L. Rather stout, 4.5-13 dm. tall. Stems usually simple 
below the 3-branched umbel, the branches bearing simple or compound secondary umbels : 
basal leaves with long petioles : stem-leaves 2-3, the upper sessile, all firm, bluish green, 
paler beneath than above ; segments 4-15 cm. long, the lower pair obovate to oblanceolate, 
parted or divided, mucronate-serrate or dentate, often incised above : involucre of small 
3-cleft bracts: involucel of scale-like bractlets: ultimate rays 3: staminate flowers numer- 
ous, their pedicels 3-6 mm. long : calyx and hypanthium 1.5-2 mm. long : petals oblanceo- 
late, slightly longer than the sepals : fruits 2-6 together or solitary, obovoid, sessile, with 
recurved spreading styles and strong bristles: pericarp corky-thickened, with five large 
oil-tubes: seeds dorsally 3-grooved. 
In rich woods, Newfoundland to the Rocky Mountain region, south to Georgia and Colorado. 
Spring and summer, 
2. Sanicula gregaria Bicknell. Slender, 3-9 dm. tall. Stems weak, often clustered, 
the slender ascending branches umbellately compound : leaves mainly basal ; blades thin, 
bright green, the segments mostly less than 8 em. long, obovate-cuneate to lanceolate, 
doubly serrate with bristle-tipped teeth and sharply incised, the lower pair usually cleft : 
stem-leaves 1-2, or wanting, petioled: involucre of large 3-parted bracts: involucels of 
foliaceous bractlets ; rays 2-3, slender, 12-30 cm. long: staminate flowers numerous, Hes 
pedicels 2-3 mm. long, 3-4 times the length of the minute campanulate hypanthium an 
calyx: petals obovate, much surpassing the sepals: fruits 3-5 together, stipitate, broadly 
obovoid, with widely recurved styles and minute weak bristles, the pericarp thin, with 
small oil-tubes : seeds not grooved. A 
In moist woods and thickets, Vermont to Wisconsin and Nebraska, south to North Carolina and 
Kansas. Spring and summer. l 
3. Sanicula Smállii Bicknell. Stems 2.5-6 dm. tall, widely 2-forked above. Base! 
leaves slender-petioled, the divisions obovate or broadly rhombic, 4-8 cm. long, nd - 
tuse, dentate-serrate with aculeate teeth or sparingly incised above, somewhat leat oth 
deep and dull green above, paler beneath, the lateral segments cleft or parted ; Siem 
: involuere of nearly sessile 3-cleft bracts: involucels of very small md ray! 
2-6, rigid, spreading, 2-3.5 cm. long: staminate flowers numerous, their pedicels the 
mm. long: sepals linear-cuspidate, 1.5-2 mm. long: petals obovate, not surpassing 
sepals, yellowish or greenish: fruits 3-6 together, ovoid, 4-6 mm. long, Senge E 
Panis slender bristles, the pericarp somewhat thickened, with 5 oil-tubes: seeds 
grooved. 
In rich or rocky woods, North Carolina to Missouri, south to Florida and Mississippi. end Š s 
4. Sanicula trifoliàta Bicknell. Stems slender, 3-8 dm. tall, often with SEDE te 
widely forking branches. Leaf-bladesample, thin, bright green, the divisions ovate or Dowd 
bic, manifestly acute, the lateral pair 6-9 dm. long, coarsely and doubly serrate, UT 0-20 
cleft, the teeth somewhat spinulose-tipped : involucre of foliaceous bracts: rays sti hthium 
mm. long: staminate flowers few, their pedicels about 4 mm. long : calyx and hyp * ellip- 
about 1 mm. long: sepals linear-aculeate: petals minute, white : fruits 3-5 EE Sristles : 
soid or broader, becoming 7 mm. long, sessile, the pericarp thickened, with slender 
seeds not grooved, with a large oil-tube on one or both sides and several small ones. 
In rieh woods, Vermont and Ontario to Indiana, Pennsylvania and Tennessee mE IM 
5. Sanicula Canadénsis L. Stems solitary, 3-13 dm. tall, leafy, the ide E short- 
nate, dichotomously compound. Leaf-blades dull green, those of the upper stem- pi oming 9 
petioled, 3-divided, the lateral divisions parted or divided again, sometimes 
