996 BORRAGINACEAE 
simple or 2-lobed. Ovules solitary in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit of two or 
four pyrenae or a group of 4 distinct or cohering nutlets. 
Corolla regular, 
Nutlets armed with barbed prickles. 
Nutlets spreading, covered with prickles. ; 1. CYNOGLOssUM. ` 
Nutlets erect or incurved, with prickles on the back or angles. 2. LAPPULA. 
Nutlets unarmed. 
Receptacle conic or elongated. 3. CRYPTANTHE. 
Receptacle flat or merely convex. 
Nutléts attached laterally to the receptacle. 4. MERTENSIA. 
Nutlets attached to the receptacle by their bases. 
Nutlets each with a small, flat scar where attached. 
Corolla funnelform or salverform ; lobes obtuse, spreading. 
Racemes without bracts. 5. MYOSOTIS. 
Racemes with bracts. 6. LITHOSPERMUM. 
Corolla tubular: lobes acute or acuminate, erect. 7. ONOSMODIUM. 
Nutlets each with a large hollow scar where attached. 8. SYMPHYTUM. 
Corolla irregular. 
Stamens included: corolla-throat closed by scales. 9. LYCOPSIS. 
Stamens exserted : corolla-throat dilated and open. 10. EcHIUM. 
1. CYNOGLOSSUM L. 
Annual, biennial or perennial caulescent herbs, with usually pubescent foliage. 
Leaves alternate: blades entire. Flowers in more or less strongly scorpioid racemes. 
Calyx slightly accrescent : lobes 5, spreading or reflexed. Corolla white, blue or purple, 
salverform or funnelform : tube short, the throat closed by 5 scales: lobes 5, imbricated. 
Stamens 5, included: filaments short, adnate to the corolla-tube. Ovary of 4 nearly dis- 
tinct lobes. Ovules laterally attached to the central axis. Nutlets 4, flat or convex, dis- 
tinct, armed with short barbed prickles. 
Foliage softly pubescent : stems copiously leafy to the top: nutlets flat : naturalized biennial plant. 
1. C. officinale. 
Foliage hirsute : stems terminated by a long naked peduncle: nutlets convex: native perennial plant. 
2. C. Virginicum. 
1. Cynoglossum officinale L. Biennial, softly pubescent. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, 
leafy to the top: leaves numerous; blades oblong to linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, 
5-15 em. long, the lower ones petioled, the upper sessile or nearly so: racemes elongating, 
interrupted : pedicels 5-10 mm. long: calyx densely pubescent; lobes ovate or oval, 3-6 
mm. long, obtuse: corolla dull reddish purple or white, about 1 cm. broad : fruit about 1 
em. broad, echinate. 
In waste places, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Kansas. Spring to fall. Naturalized 
from Europe. HOUND’S TONGUE. : 
2. Cynoglossum Virginicum L. . Perennial, hirsute. Stems 2-9 dm. tall, simple 
below, naked and branched above : leaves few ; blades oval to oblong, the lower narrowe 
into margined petioles, the upper sessile and clasping : peduncle 1-3 dm. long : racemes 
contracted or elongating at maturity : pedicels 3-6 mm. long, more or less curved : calyx 
rather softly pubescent; lobes ovate to oblong, obtuse: corolla white or purplish, 8-10 
mm. broad : fruit 1 em. broad, echinate. 
. In woods and copses, New Brunswick to Ontario and Kansas, south to Florida and Louisiana. 
Spring. WILD CoMFREY. 
2. LAPPULA Moench. 
Annual biennial or perennial herbs, with pubescent foliage. 
blades entire, often narrow. Flowers in terminal racemes. Calyx little if at all accres- 
cent : lobes 5, narrow. Corolla white or blue, salverform or funnelform : tube very short, 
the throat closed by 5 scales: lobes 5, obtuse, imbricated. Stamens 5, included. Fila- 
ments very short. Ovary of 4 more or less distinct carpels. Fruit of 4 finally distinct nut- 
lets, these with papillose or tuberculate sides and prickle-armed angles or back. The 
plants flower in spring and summer. [ Echinospermum Sw.] STICKSEED. BURSEED. 
Racemes with all pedicels subtended by bracts: fruit erect or ascending. : Lappula 
Spines distinet, in 2 rows on the margins of the nutlets. 1. L. T s : 
Spines more or less confluent, in 1 row on the margins of the nutlets. 2: de. vin imiana. 
Racemes with only the lower pedicels subtended by bracts: fruit drooping. 3. o T : 
1. Lappula Láppula (L.) Karst. Annual, hirsute. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, branca i 
above : leaves erect or ascending ; blades linear or linear-spatulate, 2-5 cm., long, d o 
acute : racemes elongating at maturity: pedicels 1-4 mm. long: nutlets with 2 row 
distinct spines on the edges and granulose or tuberculate on the back. 
In waste places and dry soil, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, New Jersey an 
from Europe. 
Leaves alternate : 
d Texas. Naturalized 
