1118 RUBIACEAE 
the internodes ; blades linear-spatulate, 1-8 cm. long, 1-nerved, strongly mucronate, mar- 
gins and midrib below scabrous with short stout hairs as is also the whole upper surface : 
cymes few-flowered, on short lateral leafy-bracted branches: pedicels stiff : corolla minute, 
white, with four acute lobes : fruit on straight pedicels, 3-5 mm. in diameter, densely un- 
cinate-hispid : endosperm very deeply grooved, almost annular in cross-section. 
In damp shady places, New Brunswick to Alaska, Florida and Texas, possibly introduced from 
Europe. Also a native of Asia.—A smaller form, with leaves scarcely over 2.5 em. long and more abun- 
dant longer-hispidulous fruit, is G. aparine Vaillántii Koch ; it is found from Texas westward and north- 
ward. Spring to fall. SPRING CLEAVERS. GOOSE-GRASS. 
2. Galium Texanum (T. & G.) Wiegand. Annual. Stems weak and slender, 4 
dm. long or less, hispid, especially below: leaves and stipules in 4's; blades broadly oval, 
equal, 6-10 mm. long, l-nerved, thin, covered with straight bristly hairs, some of the 
axils with clusters of small leaves and a short peduncle: flowers mostly terminal: pedun- 
cles 6-25 mm. long, filiform: fruit with short scarcely uncinate bristles. 
On hills and river banks, Texas. Spring and summer. 
3. Galium virgatum Nutt. Annual. Stems branched from the base, the branches 
erect-spreading, 1-3 dm. high, more or less hispid; internodes short: leaves and stipules 
in 4’s, 3-10 mm. long; blades linear-oblong, mostly obtuse, l-nerved, sessile, very hispid 
on the margins and midrib: flowers axillary, solitary or glomerate, on recurved leafy- 
bracted pedicels shorter than the leaves: corolla minute, white, with 4 acute lobes : fruit 
3 mm. in diameter, densely uncinate-hispid : endosperm deeply grooved, with a ridge oppo- 
site the embryo, the cross-section very deeply lunate. 
In dry open soil and on prairies, Tennessee and Missouri to Louisiana and Texas. Spring.—A 
form with smooth and glabrous foliage and fruit, is G. virgatum leiocárpum T. & G. 
4. Galium pilosum Ait. Perennial. Stems often diffusely and stiffly branched from 
the base, 3-8 dm. high, rarely slightly decumbent, more or less hirsute, but not scabrous, 
the joints swollen, 4-angled above, nearly terete below : leavesand stipules shorter than the 
internodes, in 4’s, 8-20 mm. long; blades oval-ovate or elliptical, obtuse and rounded or 
callous-mucronate at the tip, nearly sessile, 1- (rarely 3-) nerved, sparingly hairy on both 
surfaces, densely pellucid-punctate below: flowers numerous, in groups of 2's or 3's, on 
short stiff pedicels, 2-10 mm. long, on the divaricate branches of the ample rigid but diffuse 
nearly naked terminal and lateral cymes: corolla greenish yellow or purplish, the 4 lobes 
acuminate : fruit 4 mm. in diameter, densely uncinate-hispid : endosperm deeply grooved, 
with a slight ridge opposite the embryo, the cross-section lunate. 
In dry open sandy woods, Massachusetts to Indiana, south to Florida and Texas. Summer.—A 
form with smaller and narrower leaf-blades and nearly glabrous foliage, ranging from New Jersey to 
Florida and Texas, is G. pilosum puncticulósum (Michx.) T. & G. 
5. Galium circaézans Michx. Perennial, glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Stems 
branched from the base, rather strict, 2-4 dm. high: leaves and stipules in 4's, shorter 
than the internodes, 15-30 mm. or rarely 40 mm. long; blades elliptic-ovate to oval, nearly 
sessile, obtuse or sometimes acutish and apiculate at the apex, sparingly hairy on both sur- 
faces and with few pellucid dots below, 3-nerved: flowers few, sessile or nearly so along the 
divaricate branches of the terminal cyme : bracts minute: corolla hirsute, 2-5 mm. broad, 
greenish ; lobes 4, acuminate: fruit 4 mm. in diameter, densely uncinate-hispid, deflexed : 
Pe peret deeply grooved, with a slight ridge opposite the embryo, the cross-section deeply 
unate. 
In dry woods and copses, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Summer. WILD 
LIQUORICE, 
6. Galium Arkansanum A. Gray. Perennial. Stems 3 dm. high, erect and dif- 
fusely branched, smooth below, retrorse-scabrous above: leaves and stipules in 4's, 3-5 
cm. long, 9-12 mm. broad, equalling the internodes; blades lanceolate or linear-lanceo- 
late, sessile, acute but not mucronate, 1-nerved or rarely 3-nerved, the margins and midri 
scabrous, the lower surface densely pellucid-punctate : flowers numerous, on long filiform 
roughened pedicels, in much-branched diffuse nearly naked terminal cymes: corolla 
brownish purple, 3 mm. broad, with 4 acuminate lobes: fruit scabrous but not uncinate 
(1 carpel nsually sterile), rarely nearly glabrous, slightly fleshy, each carpel 2-3 mm. 1n 
diameter: endosperm as in the next following species. 
In dry soil, western Tennessee to Missouri and Arkansas. Summer. 
7. Galium latifóülium Michx. Perennial. Stems mainly 3-6 dm. high, diffusely 
branched from near the base, glabrous: leaves and stipules in 4’s, equalling or shore 
than the internode ; blades broadly ovate to lanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, 3-nerved, acute but 
not mucronate at the apex, abruptly contracted below into a sessile or stipitate base, pe 
lucid-punctate beneath, the margins and nerves minutely hispid: flowers numerous, on 
filiform pedicels in somewhat naked diffuse cymes: corolla brownish, 3 mm. broad, the 
