1120 CAPRIFOLIACEAE 
14. Galium triflorum Michx. Perennial, sweet-scented in drying. Stems weak, 
reclining or procumbent, 3-10 dm. long, sparsely hispid or rarely glabrous, shining : leaves 
and stipules in 6’s, shorter than the internodes, 1-8 cm. long; blades broadly linear to 
elliptic, 1-nerved, strongly mucronate, very short-petioled, glabrous except the hispid 
margins and midrib: flowers few on stout straight pedicels, in 3’s on the ultimate branches 
of the few-flowered axillary and terminal cymes which slightly exceed the leaves: corolla 
greenish or yellowish white, 2.5 mm. broad ; lobes 4, acuminate: fruit 3 mm. in diameter, 
densely uncinate-hispid : endosperm with the groove very shallow or almost obsolete, the 
cross-section nearly circular. 
In shady woods and copses, Nova Scotia to Alaska, Florida, Texas and California. Also in Europe, 
Japan and the Himalayas. Summer. SWEET-SCENTED BED STRAW. 
FAMILY 2. CAPRIFOLIACEAE Vent. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 
Shrubs, vines or trees, or sometimes perennial herbs, usually pervaded by a 
bitter nauseous principle. Stems usually terete, often enlarged at the nodes. 
Leaves opposite, mostly destitute of stipules : blades entire or pinnate, sometimes 
connate-perfoliate. Inflorescence axillary or terminal. Flowers clustered at the 
nodes. Flowers mostly perfect, regular or irregular, often showy and fragrant. 
Calyx superior. Sepals 4-5, or rarely fewer. Corolla tubular or infundibuliform 
or rarely rotate : lobes 4-5, imbricated. Androecium of 4-5 stamens sometimes 
partially adnate to the corolla tube, alternate with the lobes. Filaments equal 
or two shorter. Anthers versatile. Gynoecium a single compound pistil. Ovary 
2-5-celled, inferior. Styles terminal, united, sometimes very short. Ovules 
pendulous, commonly solitary. Fruit a berry or drupe. Seeds inverted. En- 
dosperm fleshy. Embryo nearly straight, in the axis of the endosperm near the 
hilum. 
Corolla rotate to urn-shaped : stigmas 2-5-lobed, sessile. 
Leaf-blades pinnate: drupe berry-like with 3-5 nutlets. i. SAMBUCUS. 
Leaf-blades simple: drupe with one nutlet. 2. VIBURNUM. 
perce kasp to tubular-campanulate, sometimes with a 2-lipped limb: style 
elongated. 
Flowers solitary in the axils: herbs. 3. TRIOSTEUM. 
Flowers in axillary or terminal clusters or open cymes : shrubs or vines. 
Fruit baccate. 
Corolla regular or nearly so ; tube short, 4, SYMPHORICARPOS. 
Corolla irregular ; limb 2-lipped ; tube elongated. 
Flowers in pairs each of which terminates an axillary peduncle, ac- 
companied by a pair of bracts and bractlets. E 
Bracts foliaceous, resembling the leaves: corolla-tube gibbous at 
the base, upright shrubs. 5, XYLOSTEON. 
Bracts minute, very different from the leaves: corolla-tube not 
gibbous at the base: vines. 6. NINTOOA. 
Flowers in whorls at or near the ends of the branches, the bracts and 7 
8 
: usually some of the upper pairs of leaves connate-perfoliate. 
Fruit capsular. 
. LONICERA. 
. DIERVILLA. 
6. SAMBUCUS L. 
Shrubs or trees, or rarely herbaceous plants, with pithy stems and branches. Leaves 
opposite : blades pinnately compound : leaflets toothed or cleft, sometimes furnished with 
stipules. Flowers white, yellow or red, thyrsoid or in umbel-like corymbose-cymes, their 
pedicels with 1 or 2 scales. Hypanthium turbinate or ovoid. Sepals 3-5, equal. Corolla 
rotate, with 3-5 equal imbricated or rarely valvate lobes. Stamens 5, adnate to = 
base of the corolla: filaments filiform or subulate: anthers opening extrorsely by clefts. 
Disk wanting or somewhat convex. Ovary 3-5-celled. Ovules solitary in each cavity, 
pendulous. Drupe with 3-5 cartilaginous 1-seeded stones. Seeds elongated and somewhat 
flattened. ELDER. 
Cre rui as ME redes : rds red ax uvm t 1. S. pubens. 
ymes depressed, flat-topped : fruit purple or black. densis. 
Leaf-rachis glabrous or nearly so! leaflets usually with incurved teeth. T ri eser 
Leaf-rachis densely pubescent : leaflets usually with spreading teeth. eo We 
1. Sambucus pübens Michx. A widely branching shrub 1-4 m. tall, with peres 
pubescent foliage, at least when young.  Leaflets 5-7, the blades lanceolate, 0 d i 
oblanceolate, sometimes nearly oval, 5-15 cm. long, acuminate, sharply serrate, api te 
or subcordate at the oblique base, short-stalked: cymes thirsoid, subglobose to o 
