CARDUACEAE 
** Bracts of the involucre dry and scarious. 
b. Anthers with elongated, cartilaginous mostly connate appen- 
dages at the tip. 
B. Perfect flowers, or all, with bilabiate corollas (corollas nearly regular 
in Gochnatía). 
TRIBE I. VERNONIEAE. 
TRIBE 
TRIBE 
1153 
TRIBE VII. ANTHEMIDEAE. 
IX. CYNAREAE. 
X. MUTISIEAE. 
Heads with corollas alike and equal: bracts of the involucres not appendaged. 
Pappus of 2 series: corollas regular: heads neither glomerate nor involucrate. 
Pappus of 1 series: corollas irregular, split on the inner side: heads glom- 
erate and involucrate. 
Heads with marginal corollas much enlarged and ray-like: outer bracts of 
the involucre with fringed appendages at the tip. 
TRIBE II. EUPATORIEAE. 
Achenes 3-5-angled, ribless. 
Anthers truncate and unappendaged at the apex. 
Anthers appendaged at the apex. 
Pappus various, never wholly of capillary bristles, sometimes wanting. 
nvoluere many-flowered, campanulate or hemispheric. 
Bracts of the involucre nerveless : corolla abruptly much dilated 
into a throat. 
ae pes conic: stigmas clavate-filiform : pappus of 5 broad 
scales. 
Receptacle convex: stigmas linear: pappus a crown of many 
minute bristles. 
Bracts of the involucre striate-nerved : corollar elatively narrow. 
Involucre 3-5-flowered, cylindric. 
i em wholly of capillary bristles. 
nvolucre of more than 4 bracts, 5-many-flowered. 
Receptacle flat. 
Bracts of the involucre leathery or parchment-like, in many 
series, striate. 
Bracts of the involucre membranous or herbaceous, in 1-few 
series, nerveless or few-nerved. 
Receptacle conic or hemispheric. 
Involucre of 4 bracts or rarely more, 4-flowered. 
Achenes 8-10-ribbed, or 8-10-striate. 
Bracts of ae nvolucre herbaceous or partly colored, neither striate nor 
nerved. 
Bracts of the involucre nearly equal and little imbricated. 
Bracts of the involucre imbricated, the inner successively longer. 
Pappus of linear-subulate erose-denticulate paleae: leaves opposite. 
EE of capillary or filiform plumose or barbellate bristles: leaves 
alternate. 
Receptacle naked: herbs with spicate racemose or cymosely 
disposed heads, or shrubs with corymbose heads. 
Bracts of the involucre spirally imbrícated : heads spicate or 
racemose, or rarely in a cyme: herbs. 
Bracts of the involucre vertically imbricated: heads corym- 
bose: shrubs. 
Receptacle chaffy : herbs, with corymbosely disposed heads. 
Bracts of the involucre not herbaceous, striate-nerved. 
Involucre of many bracts: pappus-bristles scabrous to barbellate. 
Involucre of few bracts: pappus-bristles plumose. 
TRIBE III. ASTEREAE. 
A. Ray-flowers present or rarely wanting : plants not dioecious. 
a. Ray-flowers with yellow corollas (white in Solidago bicolor). __ 
as Res of few scales or awns. or wanting, not of numerous bristles. 
eads relatively small, individually inconspicuous : leaves with nar- 
row entire blades. 
Ray- and disk-flowers fruit-producing or essentially so. 
Involucre ovoid or oblong: achenes 4-5-ribbed: pappus want- 
ing or obsolete. 
Involuere oblong-clavate, turbinate or campanulate: achenes 
terete or 5-angled : pappus of many scales, at least in the 
disk, or rarely crown-like. 
Ray-flowers fructiferous : disk-flowers not fruit-producing 
Heads relatively large, individually conspicuous: leaves with rela- 
tively broad spinulose-toothed blades. ^ 
Pappus of the ray- or disk-flowers, or of both, of numerous capillary 
bristles, with or without a series of shorter ones or of scales. 
Pappus, at least that of the disk-flowers, of different series, the inner 
of capillary bristles, the outer of scales or of shorter bristles. 
Achenes, at least those of the disk, flattened. 
Pappus of the ray obsolete or a mere crown: achenes of the 
ray turgid. 
Pappus of the ray copious : achenes of the ray flattened. 
Achenes searcely flattened. 
Pappus wholly of capillary bristles (that of the disk of Mauchia of 
2 or few bristles somewhat dilated at the base). 
* Heads with disk-flowers only : ray-flowers wanting. i 
+ Corolla with a cylindric tube and a cylindric throat: involucre 
narrow. 
73 
1. VERNONIA. 
2. ELEPHANTOPUS. 
3. STOKESIA. 
4. HARTWRIGHTIA. 
5. SCLEROLEPIS. 
6. TRICHOCORONIS. 
7. AGERATUM. 
8. STEVIA. 
9. OSMIA. 
10. EUPATORIUM. 
11. CONOCLINUM. 
12. WILLUGBAEYA. 
13. TRILISA. 
14. CARPHOCHAETE. 
15. LACINIARIA. 
16. GARBERIA. 
17. CARPHEPHORUS, 
18. COLEOSANTHUS. 
19. KUHNIA. 
20. GYMNOSPERMA. 
21. GUTIERREZIA. 
22. AMPHIACHYRIS. 
23. GRINDELIA. 
24. HETEROTHEOA. 
25. CHRYSOPSIS. 
26. XANTHISMA. 
27. CHONDROPHORA. 
