1154 CARDUACEAE 
tt Corolla merely funnelform: involucre broadly campanulate. 
** Heads with both disk- and ray-flowers, with individual excep- 
tions. 
Pappus-bristles as long as the achene or longer, at least those 
of the ray : leaf-blades narrow or narrowed at the base, or 
if truneate or subeordate, narrowed into a broad petiole- 
like base. 
Leaf-blades bristly serrate, pinnatifid or pinnately-parted. 
Achenes glabrous: pappus-bristles deciduous. 
Achenes pubescent: pappus-bristles persistent. 
Corolla-tube slender. scarcely dilated above. 
Corolla-tube markedly dilated above. 
Leaf-blades entire or merely toothed, the teeth not bristle- 
tipped. 
Annual or biennial plants. 
Pappus-bristles nearly equal: ray-flowers with soft 
curled ligules. 
Pappus-bristles very unequal: ray-flowers with firm 
involute ligules. 
Perennial plants. 
Braets of the involucre broad, longitudinally ribbed. 
Ligules of the ray-flowers elongated-linear: disk- 
eorollas with a cylindrical throat. 
Ligules of the ray-flowers shorter than the tube: 
disk-corollas with a campanulate throat. 
Braets of the involucre narrow, not ribbed. 
Plants woody at the base, or undershrubs. 
Corolla-tube markedly dilated : leaves with even 
surfaces. 
Corolla-tube scarcely dilated: leaves with rounded 
or angular depressions. 
Plants wholly herbaceous. 
Receptacle pubescent, fimbrillate: ray-flowers 
more numerous than those of the disk. 
Receptacle alveolate: ray-flowers fewer than 
: those of the disk. 
Pappus-bristles shorter than the achene: leaf-blades, at least 
those of the basal and lower cauline leaves, cordate, nar- 
rowed into slender petioles. 
b. Ray-flowers with white or colored corollas but not yellow. 
Pappus a mere crown or of few awns, scales or awn-like bristles, or 
wanting. 
Receptacle conie or strongly convex. 
Pappus wanting or obsolete. 
Pappus present. 
appus an entire, toothed or ciliate crown. 
Pappus of short bristles with a pair of awns over each edge of 
the achene. 
Bracts of the involucre essentially equal: pappus of several 
minute scales hidden in the hairs of the achene, in 
. addition to the awns. 
Braets of the involucre very unequal: pappus of several 
longer scales in addition to the awns. 
Receptacle flat, rarely with a central appendage. 
Pappus a minute crown, sometimes evanescent. 
Pappus of scales, awns or bristles. 
Pappus of scales alternating with awns, or these wanting. 
eads 3-few-flowered : involucre turbinate. 
Heads discoid, sessile: pappus of lanceolate scales: 
bracts of the involucre appendaged at the tip. 
Heads radiate, peduncled: pappus of scales and awns: 
bracts of the involucre unappendaged. 
Heads many-flowered : involuere hemispheric to campanu- 
ate. 
Pappus of rigid bristles, that of the ray sometimes scale-like. 
Pappus, at least in the disk, of numerous capillary bristles. 
appus of the ray-flowers a mere vestige or obsolete. 
Pappus of the ray and disk essentially similar. 
Pappus-bristles in a single series or mainly so. 
Bracts of the involucre in 3-many series. 
Braets in 3-5 series. 
Ray-flowers few; ligules relatively short and broad: 
bracts of the involucre leathery. 
Ray-flowers numerous; ligules relatively long and nar- 
row: bracts of the involucre mainly herbaceous. 
Bracts in many series. 
Bracts of the involucre in 1 or 2 series. : 
Ray-flowers with ligules longer than the diameter of the disk. 
Ray-flowers with ligules shorter than the diameter of the 
isk. 
Pappus-bristles manifestly in 2 series. 
Stigma-tips obtuse. 
Stigma-tips acute or acuminate. 
Involucre of 2-4 series of bracts, the inner bracts not much 
surpassing the achenes: ray-flowers with white ligules. 
Involucre of 5-6 series of bracts, the inner bracts much sur- 
passing the achenes: ray-flowers with violet ligules. 
B. Ray-flowers wanting: plants dioecious. 
29. 
31. 
39. 
40. 
41, 
43. 
BRINTONIA. 
PRIONOPSIS. 
. SIDERANTHUS. 
ISOCOMA. 
. ISOPAPPUS. 
. MAUCHIA. 
. STANFIELDIA. 
OLIGONEURON. 
. ISOCOMA. 
CHRYSOMA. 
EUTHAMIA. 
. SOLIDAGO. 
BRACHYCHAETA. 
BELLIS. 
APHANOSTEPHUS. 
. DICHAETOPHORA. 
BOLTONIA. 
. KEERLIA. 
. THUROVIA. 
. CHAETOPAPPA. 
. DISTASIS. 
. TOWNSENDIA. 
. PSILACTIS. 
. SERICOCARPUS. 
. ASTER. 
^ MACHAERANTHERA. 
. ERIGERON. 
LEPTILON. 
ERIGERON. 
DOELLINGERIA. 
IONACTIS. 
. BACCHARIS. 
