CARDUACEAE 
TRIBE IV. INULEAE. 
Ray-flowers wanting: corollas white or pale: heads relatively small. 
Receptacle chaffy. 
Receptacle convex or hemispheric. 
Heads with several staminate not fruit-producing flowers. 
Heads with all the flowers fruit-producing. 
Receptacle subulate or obconic. 
Receptacle naked. 
Bracts of the involucre not scarious. 
Bracts of the involucre broad, mainly persistent. 
Bracts of the involucre linear to subulate, mainly deciduous. 
Bracts of the involucre scarious. 
Plants dioecious or polygamo-dioecious. 
Pappus-bristles of the staminate flowers thickened above. 
Pappus-bristles of the staminate flowers not thickened. 
Plants not dioecious. 
Pappus-bristles plumose. 
Pappus-bristles not plumose. à 
Ray-flowers present : corollas yellow : heads relatively large. 
TRIBE V. HELIANTHEAE. 
Disk-flowers perfect but not fruit-producing. 
Achenes short and thick, not flattened. 
Inner involucral bracts merely subtending the achenes. 
Inner involucral bracts embracing the achenes. 
Bracts of the involucre persistent with fruit unarmed. 
Bracts or tie involucre persistent with the fruit armed with hooked 
rickles. 
Achenes niatkediy flattened. 
Ray-flowers in 2 or 3 series: achenes falling away free. 
Ray-flowers in 1 series: achenes adnate to 2 or 3 bractlets and falling 
away with them. 
Ray-flowers with relatively large conspicuous ligules. 
Leaves opposite. 
Leaves, at least the lower ones, alternate. 
Pappus wanting or of 2 or several deciduous awns. 
Achenes wingless, adnate to the subtending bractlets: per- 
ennial plants. 
Achenes winged, free: annual plants. 
Pappus a persistent irregularly cleft crown. 
Ray-flowers with iuconspicuous ligules, the heads apparently discoid. 
Disk-flowers fruit-producing. 
Ray-flowers persistent on the achenes. 
Achenes flattened or 3-4-angled : leaf-blades entire or essentially so. 
Receptacle conic or cylindric. 
Receptacle nearly flat. 
Achenes not flattened : leaf-blades toothed. 
Ray-flowers deciduous from the achene or wanting. 
A. Pappus a mere crown or cap or of few teeth, awns or bristles. 
a. Achenes, at least those of the disk, not compressed (except in 
Ratibida and Verbesina); bractlets mostly concave or clasping. 
Involucre of 4 leaf-like partially united bracts together with an 
inner one of several much smaller bracts. 
Involucre of several or numerous distinct bracts. 
Bractlets of the receptacle mere chaffy awns or bristles. 
Bractlets of the receptacle concave or clasping. 
Each achene closely invested by the bractlet which appears 
as an outer coat. 
Each achene merely subtended by a bractlet or loosely en- 
closed in it. 
Ray-flowers uniformly wanting: bracts of the involucre 
dry or partially dry. 
Achenes 4-5-angled. 
Pappus of slender caducous awns: receptacle hem- 
ispheric. 
Pappus wanting: receptacle conic or oblong. 
` Achenes terete, 8-15-nerved. 
Ray-flowers present: bracts of the involucre herbaceous. 
* Receptacle conic, subulate or columnar, 
Ray-flowers fruit-producing: stigmas truncate or 
Fasern : leaves opposite. 
Ray-flowers not fruit-producing: stigmas with acute 
or obtuse appendages : leaves mostly alternate. 
Ligules of the ray-flowers yellow, or rarely 
wholly or partially brown-purple. 
Achenes terete or 4-angled, wingless. 
Achenes 4-angled. 
Achenes  quadrangular - compressed : 
achene-apex commonly covered 
with base of the corolla-tube. 
Achenes nearly equally 4-angled: 
achene-apex not covered with the 
base of the corolla-tube. 
Achenes terete. 
Achenes flattened, broad-margined or winged. 
Ligules of the ray-flowers rose-purple, or rarely 
yellow or white. 
1155 
58, FILAGO. 
59. CALYMMANDRA. 
60. GIFOLA. 
61. PLUCHEA. 
62. CHAENOLOBUS. 
63. ANTENNARIA. 
64. ANAPHALIS. 
65. FACELIS. 
66. GNAPHALIUM. 
67. INULA. 
68. POLYMNIA. 
69. MELAMPODIUM. 
70. ACANTHOSPERMUM. 
71. SILPHIUM. 
72. CHRYSOGONUM. 
73. BERLANDIERA. 
74. LINDHEIMERA. 
75. ENGELMANNIA. 
76. PARTHENIUM. 
71. CRASSINA. 
78. SANVITALIA. 
79. HELIOPSIS. 
80. TETRAGONOTHECA. 
81. EcLIPTA. 
82. SCLEROCARPUS. 
83. MELANTHERA. 
84. ISOCARPHA. 
85. VARILLA. 
86. SPILANTHES. 
87. GYMNOLOMIA. 
88. RUDBECKIA. 
89. DRACOPIS. 
90. RATIBIDA, 
91. BRAUNERIA. 
