CARDUACEAE 1159 
lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, acute, serrate, often sharply so, somewhat crisped, revolute, 
sessile, but not at all cordate: corymbs 1-1.5 dm. broad: peduncles 1-3 cm. long, slightly 
enlarged upward, or some heads nearly sessile : involucres campanulate, 6-7 mm. high ; 
bracts lanceolate to linear-oblong, prolonged into soft linear-subulate spreading or recurved 
tips, often purplish : achenes about 3 mm. long: pappus straw-colored. 
On sand hills, Georgia. 
6. Vernonia scabérrima Nutt. Foliage hirsute, or glabrate in age. Stems 3-8 dm. 
tall, usually branched : leaves firm ; blades linear to linear-oblong, 1.5-8 cm. long, acute, 
entire or remotely serrate, sessile or nearly so, cordate or truncate at the base: corymbs 
with comparatively few heads: peduncles barely enlarged, 1-3 cm. long, or shorter: in- 
volucres campanulate, 5-6 mm. high: bracts subulate-linear to oblong, prolonged into 
rigid subulate tips: achenes about 2 mm. long, with scabrous ribs: pappus purplish. 
In sandy soil, South Carolina to Florida. 
7. Vernonia flaccidifolia Small. Foliage sparingly pubescent, or glabrate. Stems 
1-1.5 m. tall. with slender branches above: leaves rather numerous; blades thin, elliptic 
to linear-lanceolate, 0.8-2 dm. long, acuminate, sharply serrate, sometimes doubly so, 
short-petioled : corymbs 1-2 dm. broad; branches slender: peduncles barely enlarged at 
the top: involucres hemispheric, 3-4 mm. high; bracts ovate to oblong, light green or 
deeper at the tip, obtuse, ciliate, not spreading: achenes'3 mm. long, with sharp barbed 
ribs: pappus pale straw-colored. 
On wooded hillsides, Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama. 
8. Vernonia oligántha Greene. Foliage minutely and sparingly pubescent. Stems 
4-11 dm. tall, simple below the few lcancliod inflorescence : leaves relatively few ; blades 
oblong or elliptic-oblong, 4-9 cm. long, acute, rather evenly serrate, those of the lower 
ones narrowed into petiole-like bases: corymbs mainly about 1 dm. wide, open, with few 
heads: involucres campanulate, about 3 mm. high, rounded at the base ; bracts obtuse, the 
outer oblong-ovate, the inner narrowly oblong or linear-oblong : achenes about 2 mm. 
long: pappus purplish. 
In sandy soil, peninsular Florida. Fall. 
9. Vernonia máxima Small. Foliage glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Stems 1-3 
m. tall, branching above: leaves rather numerous ; blades narrowly elliptic to lanceolate 
or linear-lanceolate, 1-3 dm. long, acuminate, sharply serrate: corymbs 1-4 dm. broad ; 
peduncles angled, barely enlarged above: involucres hemispheric-campanulate, 4 mm. to 
almost 5 mm. high, rounded at the base; bracts ovate to oblong, nearly flat, acute or 
mucronate, appressed, ciliate : achenes 3 mm. long, with barbed ribs: pappus light or deep 
purple. 
In low grounds, Ohio to Missouri, south to Alabama and Louisiana. 
10. Vernonia gigantéa ( Walt.) Britton. Foliage glabrous or nearly so. Stems 1-2.5 
m. tall, often widely branched above: leaves numerous ; blades linear to oblong or elliptic, 
0.8-3 dm. long, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate : corymbs 1-4 dm. broad: peduncles 
angled, barely enlarged above: involucres cylindric, 5-6 mm. high, narrowed at the base ; 
bracts oblong-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, rounded on the back, the outer acutish, the 
inner obtuse, lax or loosely spreading at maturity : achenes 3,mm. long, with scabrous 
angles: pappus purplish. 
In low grounds, South Carolina to Florida and Alabama. 
ll. Vernonia ovalifdlia T. & G. Foliage sparingly pubescent. Stems 1-2 m. tall, 
branching above: leaves rather numerous; blades elliptic, oblong or the upper oblong- 
lanceolate, all acute, or short-acuminate, rather coarsely toothed, abruptly or sometimes 
gradually contracted at the base : corymbs 1-3 dm. broad : peduncles not enlarged upward : 
involucres campanulate, 5-7 mm. high; bracts lanceolate to oblong, acute or cuspidate, 
mainly appressed : achenes 2.5-3 mm. long, slightly barbed along the ribs: pappus straw- 
colored or pale purplish. 
In dry woods, Georgia and Florida. 
12. Vernonia Baldwínii Torr. Foliage finely tomentose. Stems 1-2 m. tall, branch- 
ing above: leaves rather numerous ; blades oblong to óvate-lanceolate or elliptic, 0.5-2 
dm. long, acute or acuminate at both ends, sharply serrate : corymbs 1-3 dm. broad : pedun- 
cles angled, slightly enlarged upward: involucres campanulate, or subglobose when young, 
5-6 mm. high, usually numerous ; bracts oblong-ovate to narrowly oblong, with spreading 
or recurved tips: achenes 3 mm. long, the sharp ribs barbed : pappus tinged with purple. 
On prairies, Missouri and Kansas to Texas. 
13. Vernonia intérior Small. Foliage finely and closely pubescent. Stems 1-2 m. 
tall, simple below: leaves numerous ; blades elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 6-20 cm. long, 
