1184 CARDUACEAE 
21. Chrysopsis stenophylla (A. Gray) Greene. Foliage finely hispid. Stems 
often tufted, 1-4 dm. tall, rigid, usually branched above: leaf-blades linear or linear- 
spatulate, 2-4 cm. long, acute, entire, bristly ciliate near the base, sessile: heads showy : 
involucres 7-8 mm. high; bracts linear-subulate to narrowly linear, acute; ray-flowers 
with light yellow ligules 4-7 mm. long. 
In rocky soil or on sand hills, Nebraska to Arkansas and Texas. Summer and fall. 
22. Chrysopsis campórum Greene. Foliage hirsute. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, branched 
above: leaves numerous; blades oblong to linear-oblong, 3-7 cm. long, acute, sessile: 
heads showy : involucres 9-12 mm. high ; bracts linear-subulate, acuminate, hirsute-strigose : 
ray-flowers with deep yellow ligules 9-14 mm. long. 
On prairies, Illinois and Missouri, south to Kentucky and Arkansas. Summer. 
23. Chrysopsis Nuttállii Britton. Foliage villous or softly hirsute. Stems 3-8 dm. 
tall, branching: leaves 1.5-4.5 cm. long ; blades oblong to linear-oblong, entire or dis- 
tantly toothed, acute, sessile, or the lower ones oblong-oblanceolate and commonly incised : 
heads showy : involucres 8-10 mm. high ; bracts linear or linear-subulate, acuminate : ray- 
flowers with ligules 1-1.5 cm. long: achenes 10-nerved. 
In open woods, Missouri and Kansas, south to Louisiana and Texas. Summer. 
26. XANTHISMA DC. 
Annual or biennial caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate: blades narrow, entire. Heads 
radiate, solitary at the ends of branches. Involucres campanulate to subglobose, many- 
flowered : bracts closely imbricated, leathery at the base, herbaceous at the tip. Recep- 
tacle flat. Flowers fertile. Corollas yellow. Stigmas tipped with filiform appendages. 
Achenes turbinate, 4-5-ribbed or 4-5-angled, pubescent. Pappus of 10-12 main scales 
prolonged into slender scabrous tips, usually accompanied by 10-12 shorter scales and an 
external series of 5 still shorter scales, all persistent. 
Bracts of the involucre acute or acuminate: lower leaves with pinnatifid-toothed blades. 
1. X. Texanum. 
Bracts of the involucre rounded : lower leaves with 1-2-pinnatifid or 1-2-pinnately parted blades. — 
2. X. Berlandieri. 
l. Xanthisma Texànum DC. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, usually branched. Leaf-blades 
narrowly oblanceolate to linear, 1.5-6 cm. long, acute, the lower ones pinnatifid-toothed, 
the upper entire or nearly so: heads few, but showy: involucres about 1 cm. high ; bracts 
elliptic, acute or acuminate : achenes 2 mm. long, pubescent. 
On prairies, Texas. Summer. 
2. Xanthisma Berlandiéri (A. Gray) Small. Stems 2-4 dm. tall, sparingly 
branched. Leaves numerous; blades 1-6 cm. long, various, those below the branches 
1-2-pinnatifid or 1-2-pinnately parted, the upper ones merely serrate or entire, appressed : 
heads few, showy: involucres about 1 cm. high; bracts oblong or oval, rounded. [ 
Texanum var. Berlandieri A. Gray. ] 
On plains, Texas. Spring and summer. 
27. CHONDROPHORA Raf. 
Perennial rigid caulescent herbs, often glutinous. Leaves alternate: blades narrow, 
entire. Heads discoid, often in corymbs. Involucres narrow, few-flowered : bracts in 
several series, firm. Receptacle flat, sometimes with teeth about the depressions. Corollas 
yellow. Anthers obtuse at the base. Stigmas flattened. Achenes slightly flattened, 1-2- 
ribbed on each side. Pappus of 1 or 2 series of rigid hair-like bristles. 
Stem-leaves with linear or linear-spatulate blades. 1. C. nudata. 
Stem-leaves with filiform blades. 2. C. virgata. 
1. Chondrophora nudàta (Michx.) Britton. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, corymbosely 
branched above. Leaves mainly basal; blades spatulate to linear-spatulate or linear above, 
3-12 em. long, thickish, sparse on the stem : heads numerous: involucres nearly cylindric, 
5-6 mm. high ; bracts oblong to linear, acute or acutish, the inner triangular at the apex : 
achenes about 2 mm. long. [Bigelovia nudata (Michx.) DC.] 
In pine lands, New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Summer. 
2. Chondrophora virgata (Nutt.) Greene. Similar to C. nudata. Stems cory mbose 
above, or sometimes thyrsoid: leaves mainly basal; blades narrowly linear-spatulate or 
filiform on the stem: involucres narrowly cylindric ; bracts lanceolate to linear, the inner 
truncate and mucronate at the apex. [Bigelovia nudata var. virgata (Nutt.) T. & G.] 
In sandy pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Summer, 
