1232 CARDUACEAE 
elliptic to linear-elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 7-14 cm. long, usually acuminate, rough- 
margined : heads usually numerous, peduncled : involucres 4-5 mm. high ; bracts pubescent 
at the tip, the outer lanceolate, the inner almost linear : ray-flowers several ; ligules oblong, 
4-6 mm. long : achenes columnar, 4-4.5 mm. long, manifestly pubescent. 
In moist soil or thickets, Newfoundland to the Northwest Territory, Georgia and Arkansas. Sum- 
mer and fall. 
3. Doellingeria hümilis (Willd.) Britton. Similar to D. umbellata in habit, but more 
stocky and less branched. Stems seldom over 12 dm. tall, the branches finely pubescent: 
leaves less numerous; blades firm, often thin-leathery, broadly elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 
2,5-7 cm. long, acute, very rough-margined : heads numerous, their peduncles copiously 
pubescent : involucres 4-5 mm. high ; bracts obtuse, the outer ovate-oblong, the inner ob- 
long, all glabrous or essentially so : ray-flowers several; ligules oblong, 5-8 mm. long: 
achenes columnar, narrowed at the base, 3-3.5 mm. long, sparingly pubescent. 
In moist soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 
4. Doellingeria sericocarpoides Small. Stems 8-12 dm. tall, finely ridged, corym- 
bosely branched above, glabrous to the ultimate branches: leaves numerous ; blades rela- 
tively firm, elliptic to lanceolate-elliptic, acute or slightly acuminate at the apex, some- 
what scabrous above, glabrous and paler beneath or minutely pubescent on the nerves, 
ciliate : heads numerous : involucres cylindric-campanulate, about 4 mm. high, 2-2.5 mm. 
thick ; bracts very sparingly pubescent, the outer linear-lanceolate, the inner linear, ciliate 
at the tip: ray-flowers few ; ligules white, 5-6 mm. long: achenes almost glabrous. 
Inlow grounds, Arkansas and Texas. Fall. 
5. Doellingeria infirma (Michx.) Greene. Stems 4-12 dm. tall, glabrous, or the 
branches of the inflorescence, minutely pubescent: leaves relatively few; blades thin 
but firm, elliptic to ovate-elliptic or obovate-elliptic, 3-11 cm. long, short-acuminate, 
rough-margined, deep green above, pale beneath: heads few, often scattered : involucres 
short-peduncled, about 5 mm. high; bracts ciliolate, the outer triangular-ovate, the inner 
nearly linear, twice as long as the outer: ray-flowers several; ligules broadly oblong, 
C E long: achenes oblong or slightly oblong-obovoid, flattened, 5-5.5 mm. long, 
ribbed. 
In dry woods or thickets, Massachusetts to New York, Georgia and Tennessee. Summer and fall. 
56. IONACTIS Greene. 
Perennial caulescent rigid herbs. Leaves alternate: blades narrow, entire. Heads 
radiate, solitary or in corymbs, showy. Involucres campanulate or turbinate, of 5-6 
series of firm imbricated appressed bracts. Ray-flowers pistillate, numerous, with typ 
cally violet ligules. Disk-flowers perfect, each corolla with a campanulate throat. Antbers 
obtuse at the base. Stigmas with subulate ciliate appendages. Achenes pubescent. Pap- 
pus double, the inner series of long capillary bristles, the outer series much shorter. 
1. Ionactis linariifdlia (L.) Greene. Stem tufted, 1.5-6 dm. tall, rough-pubescent: 
leaves evenly disposed along the stem, spreading ; blades linear-spatulate to linear, acute, 
scabrous-margined : involucres campanulate, or turbinate when dry, 8-10 mm. high, the 
outer bracts acute, the inner often obtuse: ray-flowers 10-15, with bright violet or rarely 
white ligules 8-14 mm. long. : 
In dry or rocky soil, Newfoundland to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 
57. BÁCCHARIS L. 
Perennial caulescent herbs or shrubs, usually with glabrous or resinous foliage below 
the inflorescence. Leaves alternate : blades often leathery, entire or toothed. Heads dis- 
coid, dioecious, in corymbs or panicles. Involucres often campanulate: bracts in severa 
series. Receptacle flat, pitted, naked. Corollas various, those of the staminate heads 
tubular, those of the pistillate heads filiform. Anthers entire and obtuse at the base: 
Stigmas slender, those of the staminate flowers with broad appendages. Achenes flatteneo, 
ribbed. Pappus various, that of the staminate flowers short, that of the pistillate flowers 
copious, of long hair-like bristles. . 
Pistes Rove wath Me Paps n rer ers pu 
&. Leaf-blades manifestly broadest above the middle. 
Inner bracts of the pistillate involueres acute. 2. 
3. 
halimifolia. 
Inner bracts of the pistillate involucres obtuse. : 
B. 
B. glomeruli id 
