1234 CARDUACEAE 
sessile or some of them partly clasping: flower-clusters less than 1 cm. in diameter: invo- 
lucres campanulate, 2-3 mm. high: bracts various, those of staminate flowers spatulate, 
those of pistillate flowers oblong or oval, all cottony at the apex :. staminate flowers with a 
vestige of a pistil. 
In dry or stony soil, Georgia to Texas and California. Introduced eastward. Spring and summer. 
2. Filago prolífera (Nutt.) Britton. Stems 2-20 cm. high, simple or branched at the 
base, often with 2-6 simple or proliferous ascending branches at the summit: leaf-blades spatu- 
late, 5-14 mm. long, obtuse: flower-clusters over 1 cm. in diameter: involucres fusiform 
or cylindric: bracts various, those of staminate flowers herbaceous, woolly at the apex, those 
of pistillate flowers firmer, glabrous or nearly so: staminate flowers with slender stipe-like 
abortive pistils. 
In dry soil, South Dakota to Arkansas and Texas. Spring and summer. 
59. CALYMMANDRA T. & G. 
Small caulescent plants resembling species of Filago. Leaves alternate : blades broad- 
ened upward. Heads in closely sessile bracted or somewhat involucrate clusters, heterog- 
amous. Involucre of few scarious externally woolly bracts which grade into the bractlets 
of the disk. Receptacle hemispheric. Pistillate flowers in several series, fruit-producing, 
each with slender truncate corollas. Perfect flowers 5, central, fruit-producing, each enclosed 
in a convolute woolly bractlet, with a somewhat inflated 4-lobed corolla. Anthers sagittate 
at the base. Achenes broadened upward, obscurely obcompressed, glabrous. Pappus 
wanting. 
1. Calymmandra candida T. & G. Foliage silvery white with appressed woolly 
hairs. ‘Stems 1-4 dm. tall, simple or much branched from the base: leaf-blades spatulate, 
1-3 em. long, entire: heads solitary or clustered in the axils: involucres campanulate, 
1.5-2 mm. high : bracts including those of the pistillate flowers narrowly oblong-spatulate, 
densely woolly without: achenes about 0.5 mm. long, smooth. 
In dry soil, Texas. Spring and summer. 
60. GIFOLA Cass. 
Annual caulescent herbs, resembling species of Filago. Leaves alternate : blades en- 
tire, commonly sessile. Heads discoid, in small dense sometimes proliferous clusters. In- 
volucres narrow, sessile: bracts scarious, in several series. Receptacle subulate to obconic, 
chaffy. Pistillate flowers marginal, fruit-producing, each with filiform corollas and rudi- 
mentary or no pappus. Perfect flowers central, few, each with tubular corollas and several 
scabrous hair-like pappus-bristles. Between the pistillate and perfect flowers are some 
similar to the marginal, byt with pappus like the central. Anthers sagittate at the base. 
Achenes terete or slightly flattened. [Filago L. 1758; not L. 1753.] CUDWEED. 
1. Gifola Germanica (L.) Dumort. Foliage silvery with dense woolly pubescence. 
Stems commonly branched at the base, 5-35 cm. tall, proliferous above, or rarely simple: 
leaves numerous ; blades erect, lanceolate to linear, 1-2 cm. long, acute: heads numerous, 
in dense globular clusters : involucres oblong or ovoid-oblong, 3 mm. high: bracts ovate- 
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate to cuspidate : achenes about 0.8 mm. long. 
In dry soil or waste places, New York to Georgia. Naturalized from Europe. Spring to fall. 
61. PLUCHEA Cass. 
Annual or perennial caulescent herbs, or shrubs. Leaves alternate: blades usually 
toothed, often prominently nerved, petioled, or the upper sessile or clasping. Heads dis- 
coid, commonly in cluster-like cymes. Involueres turbinate, hemispheric or cam panulate, 
with pistillate and perfect flowers: bracts broad, in few series. Receptacle flat, naked. 
Pistillate flowers marginal, fruit-producing. Perfect flowers central, mostly not fruit-pro" 
ducing. Anthers sagittate, the auricles tailed. Stigmas united or distinct. Achenes 4- 
5-angled. Pappus a single series of scabrous hair-like bristles. MARSH FLEABANE. 
Plants perennial. 
Leaf-blades entire : stems woody. 1. P. odorata. 
Leaf-blades toothed : stems herbaceous. ; 
Outer bracts of the involucres acuminate. 2. P. foetida. 
Outer bracts of the involucres obtuse or merely acute. ‘folia. 
Pappus white: upper stem-leaves little shorter than the lower. 3. P. ver) eri 
Pappus buff: upper stem-leaves much shorter than the lower. 4. P.ti A 
