CARDUACEAE .. 1245 
bracts lanceolate to ovate, acute, ciliate: ray-flowers several, ligules yellow, 3-3.5 cm. 
long : achenes broadly obovate or orbicular-obovate, 7-10 mm. long. 
On plains or prairies, Arkansas to Louisiana and Texas. Summer and fall. 
25. Silphium gracile A. Gray. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, shaggy-hispid, sparingly corym- 
bose above. Leaves opposite ; blades oblong-lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, 5-30 
cm. long, acute at both ends or slightly acuminate, remotely dentate-serrate, those on the 
lower part of the stem with petioles + as long as the blades, those on the upper part of the 
stem sessile or nearly so: involucres about 1 cm. high ; bracts inconspicuously pubescent, 
ciliolate, oblong-lanceolate to ovate and oval-spatulate, obtuse, or the outer acutish : achenes 
orbicular-oval, 11-12 mm. long, very broadly winged, terminating above in 2 short teeth. 
In rocky soil or on prairies, Alabama to Texas. Summer. 
26. Silphium Mohrii Small. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, simple below, usually branched 
above, shaggy-hispid, stout. Leaves alternate ; blades ovate-lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 
9-14 em. long, acuminate, remotely serrate with prominent teeth except near the base: 
heads showy, but relatively few : involucres campanulate, about 1 cm. high; bracts lan- 
ceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or slightly acuminate, densely hispid : ray-flowers several ; 
ligules yellow, 10-14 mm. long: achenes obovate, more or less constricted at both ends, 
about 6 mm. long, surmounted by 2 acutish teeth. 
In dry soil, Tennessee and Alabama. Summer and fall. 
72. CHRYSOGONUM L. 
Perennial caulescent pubescent herbs. Leaves opposite : blades broad, toothed, pet- 
ioled. Heads radiate, peduncled. Involucres hemispheric, double: an outer of 5 folia- 
ceous bracts broadest above the middle ; an inner of firmer bracts, each subtending a ray- 
flower. Ray-flowers pistillate, with broad yellow toothed ligules. Disk-flowers perfect, 
not fruit-producing, each partly embraced by a bractlet. Anthers nearly entire at the base. 
Achenes flattened, with acute margins, 1-ribbed on the back, 1-2-ridged on the inner face, 
adnate to the subtending bract. Pappus a half cup-shaped crown. 
1. Chrysogonum Virginianum L. Stems becoming 1-3 dm. tall, hirsute, often 
branching. Leaf-blades oblong, ovate or oval, 2-5 cm. long, obtuse, serrate or crenate, 
the teeth more or less mucronate ; petioles about as long as the blades or longer : pedun- 
cles about as long as the subtending bracts: heads conspicuous, few: involucres hirsute ; 
outer bracts oblong-spatulate, 7-9 mm. long, the inner firmer, obovate, 4-5 mm. long, cilio- 
late: ray-flowers about 5 ; ligules bright yellow, oval or orbicular-oval, about 1 cm. long : 
achenes 4-4.5 mm. long. 
In sandy soil, Pennsylvania to Florida. Spring and summer. 
73. BERLANDIERA DC. 
Perennial pubescent caulescent or rarely scapose herbs. Leaves alternate, sometimes 
basal: blades toothed or pinnatifid. Heads radiate, conspicuous, solitary or corymbose. 
Involucres hemispheric or depressed, many-flowered : bracts in about 3 series, the inner 
becoming thin, reticulated. Receptacle flat or nearly so, chaffy. Ray-flowers 5-12, pis- 
tillate, fruit-producing : ligules yellow. Disk-flowers perfect, not fruit-producing. Anthers 
entire or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Stigmas of the disk-flowers united. Achenes 
flat, broadened upward, wingless, l-ribbed within, more or less adnate to the adjacent 
bracts of the involucre. Pappus obsolete, early deciduous or of 2 caducous awns. 
Leaf-blades merely toothed or slightly pinnatifid near the base. 
Plants with stems leafy to near the inflorescence. 
Stems tomentose or hirsute, or somewhat villous. : 
Upper part of the stem and peduncles villous or villous-tomentose. 
Upper part of the stem and peduncles hirsute with purple hairs. 
Stems closely woolly. ; . 
Stem-leaves few, pubescent beneath, like the stem, with gray wool: species 
B. Texana. 
B. betonicifolia. 
Pi 
: 3. B. pumila. 
of the tern Gulf region. 2 E 
ipe M Sis UE pnbescent beneath, like the stem, with white wool: iud 
species of the western Gulf region. 5 Bh ea i a. 
Plants with scapes. 5. B. humilis. 
Leaf-blades pinnatifid throughout. 6. B. bunula 
Stems hispidulous : Floridian species. 7. B. lyrata. —— 
Stems tomentose: Texan species. 
1. Berlandiera Texàna DC. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, villous or villous-tomentose, espe 
cially above, corymbose above. Leaf-blades ovate-oblong to triangular-lanceolate or lanceo- 
