CARDUACEAE 1249 
lucres campanulate to hemispheric: bracts rather narrow, in 2-3 series. Receptacle con- 
vex or conic, chaffy. Ray-flowers pistillate, fruit-producing : ligules yellow. Disk-flowers 
perfect, fruit-producing, enveloped in the bractlets. Stigmas tipped by hirsute appendages. 
Achenes 3-4-angled, truncate. Pappus a low crown, 2-4 teeth, or wanting. 
Foliage, especially the leaf-blades, smooth or very slightly scabrous. 
Heads usuall y over 1 em. high: achenes glabrous. l. H. helianthoides. 
Heads usually less than 1 em. high : achenes pubescent above. 2. H. minor. 
Foliage, especially the leaf-blades, very scabrous. 3. H. scabra. 
l. Heliopsis helíanthoides (L.) B.S.P. Stems 3-15 dm. tall, usually branched, 
smooth and glabrous or nearly so. Leaf-blades thinnish, ovate to lanceolate, 8-20 cm. 
long, sharply serrate, cuneate to truncate at the base: heads showy, with a rounded disk 
usually over 1 cm. high : bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate to oblong, ciliate, acute 
or acutish, the outer with spreading or reflexed tips: ray-flowers several ; ligules bright 
yellow, 2-3 cm. long: bractlets dilated and erose at the apex : achenes glabrous, truncate 
or obscurely 2-4-toothed at the apex. [H. laevis Pers. ] 
In thickets or open woods, Ontario to Illinois, Florida and Alabama. Summer. 
2. Heliopsis minor (Hook.) C. Mohr. Stems 2-7 dm. tall, simple or sparingly 
branched, smooth and glabrous. Leaf-blades thinnish, lanceolate, elliptic or oblong-lance- 
olate, 3-10 em. long, sharply serrate, cuneate, rounded or truncate at the base : heads with 
disks usually less than 1 em. high : bracts of the involucre lanceolate to oblong, rather ob- 
tuse, the outer, at least, with spreading or reflexed tips: ray-flowers few; ligules bright 
yellow, 1-2 cm. long: achenes 2.5-3 mm. long: pappus short. [H. gracilis Nutt. ] 
In woods or on hillsides, Georgia and Florida to Arkansas. Summer and fall. 
3. Heliopsis scabra Dunal. Stems 8-12 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched, 
scabrous-hispidulous like the leaves. Leaf-blades thick, deltoid to ovate or broad] 
lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, serrate, cuneate to truncate at the base: heads showy, wit 
broadly conic disks: bracts of the involucres linear-oblong to oblong, acutish or obtuse : 
ray-flowers several; ligules 2-2.5 cm. long, bright yellow : bractlets slightly dilated and 
barely erose at the tip : achenes pubescent on the margins, at least when young, each with 
à pappus of 1-3 short awns, or a laciniate crown. 
In dry soil, Maine to British Columbia, New Jersey and Arkansas. Summer. 
80. TETRAGONOTHECA L. 
Perennial caulescent herbs, with pubescent foliage. Leaves opposite: blades coarsely 
toothed or pinnatifid, sessile or connate-perfoliate. Heads radiate, showy. Involucres 
broad, many-flowered : bracts various, the 4 outer foliaceous, the inner 6-15, small, each 
subtending a ray-flower. Receptacle conic, chaffy. Ray-flowers pistillate, fruit-producing : 
ligules yellow. Disk-flowers perfect, fruit-producing, enclosed in the bractlets. Stigmas 
of the disk-flowers hispid, their appendages elongated. Achenes 4-angled or nearly 
terete, truncate. Pappus of several short scales or wanting. 
Achenes nearly terete or obscurely 4-sided: pappus wanting. 1. T. helianthoides. 
Achenes manifestly 4-angled : pappus of several scales, or rarely obsolete. dc 
Leaf-blades saliently toothed. oe 
eai-blades pinnatifid or repand. 
Corolla-tube glabrous : leaf-blades mainly repand. TO NOR 
Corolla-tube pubescent : leaf-blades mainly pinnatifid. M ME 
1. Tetragonotheca helianthoides L. Stems commonly tufted, 3-10 dm. tall, hirsute 
orsomewhat villous. Leaf-blades oblong to oval, or sometimes broadest above the middle, 
acute or acuminate, remotely but sharply toothed, ciliate, the upper ones partly clasping : 
heads showy, long-peduncled : involucres 4-angled, the outer bracts ovate to ovate-lance- 
olate, acute, ciliate, cordate, 2-3 em. long: ray-flowers with yellow ligules 3-4 em. long: 
achenes turgid, nearly terete, or obscurely 4-sided, 5-6 mm. long, without pappus. 
In dry soil, Virginia to Florida and Alabama. Spring to fall. 
2. Tetragonotheca Ludoviciana (T. & G.) A. Gray. Stems 5-12 dm. tall, glabrous 
or nearly so, more or less branched. Leaf-blades oblong, oval or ovate, 5-17 cm. long, 
acute, closely and saliently-toothed, the lower with broad, bases, the upper sessile or 
connate-perfoliate : heads rather showy : involucres scarcely angled : the outer bracts ovate 
to orbicular, not cordate : ligules of the ray-flowers 1-2 cm. long: achenes manifestly 4- 
angled, 5-6 mm. long, mostly with a crown-like pappus. 
In sandy soil, Louisiana and Texas. Spring and summer. 
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