CARDUACEAE 21979 
and decurrent: heads showy, solitary or clustered: involucral bracts linear to linear-lan- 
ceolate ; ligules of the ray-flowers yellow, 2-3 cm. long: achenes 4-5 mm. long, winged, 
pubescent, with 2 small pappus-awns. 
In open woods and on prairies, Iowa to Ohio, Georgia and Texas. Summer and fall. 
6. Verbesina heterophylla (Chapm.) A. Gray. Stems hirsute or scabrous-hispidu- 
lous, 5-10 dm. tall, winged, sparingly leafy above the middle. Leaves mostly opposite, 
approximate on the lower part of the stem ; blades firm, elliptic, oblong or oblong-lanceo- 
late, 2-6 cm. long, or much reduced above, serrate-dentate, sessile and decurrent: heads 
showy : involucres campanulate, 5-6 mm. high ; bracts lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, acute, 
pubescent ; ligules of the ray-flowers bright yellow, linear, 1.5-2 cm. long : achenes obovate, 
7 mm. long, winged, the body often ridged : pappus of 2 small awns. 
In dry pine lands, Florida. Spring and summer. 
7. Verbesina pauciflóra (Nutt.) Small. Stems scabrous to hispidulous, 3-7 dm. 
tall, simple or nearly so, almost leafless above the middle. Leaves scattered ; blades leath- 
ery, lucid, oblong or slightly broadest above the middle, 3-9 cm. long, obtuse at both ends, 
aften apiculate at the apex, reticulated, shallowly serrate, sessile: heads usually solitary : 
involucres about 10 mm. high; bracts linear or slightly broadest above the middle, mostly 
acute. [Actinomeris pauciflora Nutt. Verbesina Warei A. Gray.] 
In low pine lands, near the coast, western Florida. Summer. 1 
8. Verbesina aristàta (Ell.) Heller. Stems hirsute to hispid, 5-10 dm. tall, not 
winged, usually branching above. Leaves rather remote, opposite ; blades firm, oblong to 
oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, scabrous, coarsely serrate, sessile : heads 
showy, corymbose: involucres campanulate, 5-6 mm. high ; bracts thick, narrowly linear- 
lanceolate, or linear: ray-flowers 7-12; ligules bright yellow, linear, 2-3 cm. long: 
achenes obovate or oblong-obovate, 4 mm. long: pappus of 2 short awns.  [ V. nudicaulis 
(Nutt.) A. Gray.] : 
In sandy pine lands, Georgia, Florida and Alabama. Spring and summer. 
102. XIMENESIA Cav. 
Annual caulescent herbs, with pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate or sometimes oppo- 
site: blades broadest below the middle, simple, toothed or somewhat laciniate. Heads 
solitary or few, radiate, showy, peduncled. Involucres rather flat, of narrow spreading 
bracts. Receptacle convex, chaffy. Ray-flowers pistillate, fruit-producing, numerous : 
ligules yellow. Disk-flowers numerous, perfect, fruit-producing. Anthers somewhat sag- 
ittate at the base. Stigmas with slender pubescent appendages.. Achenes flat, winged. 
Pappus of short and straight, or at least not of hooked, awns. 
1. Ximenesia encelioides Cav. Foliage pale or gray-strigillose. Stems 3-7 dm. 
tall, freely branching: leaves mostly alternate; blades deltoid or lanceolate, 5-10 cm. 
long, acute or acuminate, coarsely serrate or incised, broadly cuneate to subcordate at the 
base, the broader winged petioles with dilated toothed appendages near the base: heads 
showy : involucres foliaceous; bracts linear, 1.5-2 cm. long: ligules of the ray-flowers 
bright yellow, as long as the involucral bracts or longer: achenes 6-7 mm. long, winged, 
sometimes with 2 small awns. 
In low grounds, Colorado to Florida, Texas and Arizona. 
103. SYNEDRELLA Gaertn. 
Annual caulescent pubescent herbs. Leaves opposite: blades simple, usually toothed. 
Heads radiate, inconspicuous. Involucres several-flowered : bracts few, 1 or 2 herbaceous, 
several chaffy. Ray-flowers pistillate, fruit-producing: ligules"yellow. Disk-flowers per- 
fect, fruit-producing : corollas with 4 lobes. Stigmas of the disk-flowers with elongated 
appendages. Achenes of the ray flattened, 2-winged ; those of the disk flattened or 3-angled. 
Pappus of 2-3 naked awns. 
1. Synedrella nodifldra (L.) Gaertn. Stems simple at the base, upright, 3-8 dm. 
tall, more or less branched above. Leaf-blades ovate to elliptic, 5-10 cm. long, acute or 
slightly acuminate, serrate, narrowed into hispid-ciliate winged petioles : heads several, 
clustered in the axils of the leaves oron short branchlets : involucres 7-9 mm. high ; bracts 
chaffy, rather rigid, linear to linear-lanceolate : achenes 4-5 mm. long; those of the ray 
oblong, with ascending marginal bristles and two short awns ; those of the disk barely 1 
mm. broad, slightly broadened upward with two bristle-like awns. 
In waste places and sandy soil, Florida. Native of tropical America. 
