CARDUACEAE 1309 
ends of the branches. Involucres bristly : bracts in several series, the inner narrower than 
the outer, and tipped with pinnately branched spines. Receptacle flat, bristly. Flowers 
perfect: corollas tubular, yellow. Anther tailed at the base. Stigmas unappendaged. 
Achenes laterally attached, terete, striate. Pappus double, the outer series of naked 
awns, the inner of shorter fimbriate scales. 
1. Cnicus benedíctus L. Foliage hirsute or villous. Stems 1-4 dm. tall, branched : 
leaf-blades papery, reticulated, irregularly spiny dentate or sinuate-pinnatifid, 5-15 cm. 
long, those of the basal or lower stem-leaves narrowed into winged petioles, those of the 
upper leaves sessile and partly clasping: involucres 4-5 cm. high; bracts thin, ovate, 
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, each tipped with a spine with pectinately prickly margins : 
receptacle densely beset with hair-like bristles: outer pappus-awns alternating with the 
inner scales. 
In waste places, Nova Scotia to Georgia and Alabama. Spring and summer, BLESSED THISTLE. 
147. GOCHNATIA H.B.K. 
Shrubby plants, with more or less tomentose or glutinous foliage. Leaves alternate: 
blades leathery, entire. Heads homogamous, few-many-flowered, cymose or paniculate. 
Involucre of several dry or leathery imbricated bracts. Receptacle flat, naked.  Corollas 
essentially regular. Anthers sagittate at the base, the auricles tailed. Stigmas relatively 
short, roundish obtuse or nearly truncate at the apex. Achenes oblong or nearly so, more 
ud = 5-ribbed, pubescent. Pappus copious, of rather rigid scabrous or barbellulate 
risties. 
1. Gochnatia hypoleüca ( DC.) A. Gray. A rigid branching shrub 2-3 m. tall, 
or a small tree, the branchlets pale or white-canescent. Leaf-blades oblong, elliptic or 
oval, 1-3.5 em. long, dark green and glabrous above, finely white-tomentose beneath, short- 
petioled: heads in leafy-bracted panicles: involucres cylindric-campanulate, 5-6 mm., 
high, 5-7-flowered ; bracts ovate to oblong-elliptic, acutish : flowers perfect : corollas white : 
achenes 3 mm. long. 
On hillsides, southern Texas and adjacent Mexico. Throughout the year. 
148, THYRSANTHEMA Neck. 
Perennial scapose herbs, with floccose-tomentose foliage. Leaves basal: blades flat 
persistent pubescent beneath. Heads heterogamous, radiate, solitary and terminal, nod- 
ding when young. Involucre many-flowered : bracts narrow, in few series, the inner suc- 
cessively larger. Ray-flowers pistillate, fruit-producing : ligules about 4 as long as the 
style, sometimes rose-purple. Disk-flowers perfect, wholly or partially neutral: corollas 
white or purplish, more or less 2-lipped, the outer with 3 lobes to the lower lip, the inner 
with 2 lobes. Achenes 5-nerved, columnar or fusiform. Pappus of numerous soft hair- 
like bristles. [Chaptalia Vent. ] 
All achenes perfect, each with a beak as long as the body: leaf-blades lyrate or doe nore pt 
i i flowers each narrowed 
ip cen Missa d dere Maler ewe aired 2. C. semiflosculare. 
1. Thyrsanthema nütans (L.) Kuntze. Leaves basal ; blades oblanceolate or oblong- 
oblanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, acute or apiculate, lyrate or repand-lyrate, thinly floccose or 
glabrate above: scapes solitary or tufted, 1-5 dm. tall, simple: involucral bracts subulate 
UU poU linear, acuminate : achenes all perfect, pubescent, the beak as long as the 
ody. 
In open woods and on prairies, Texas and Mexico. 
2. Thyrsanthema semiflosculàre (Walt.) Kuntze. Leaves basal: blades oblong to 
oblanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, apiculate, entire or remotely denticulate, green and glabrous 
above, densely white tomentose beneath: scapes 1-3 dm. tall, sometimes tufted, simple: 
involucral bracts subulate to linear: ligules of the ray-flowers usually purple, broadly 
linear, 7-10 mm. long: achenes of the pistillate flowers perfect, glabrous, 3 mm. long, 
each constricted into a short neck. [Chaptalia tomentosa Vent. ] 
In moist pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Texas. 
149. PEREZIA Lag. 
Perennial caulescent herbs, often woolly near the base. Leaves alternate. Heads 
homogamous, the flowers perfectand fruit-producing. Involucre few- or many-flowered : 
