xiv CONSPECTUS OF THE ORDERS. 
style short. Ovule solitary, erect, orthotropous. Fruit a small drupe. Albumen 0. 
Shrubs or trees, usually aromatic. Leaves alternate, penniveined. 
CXXYV. Casvartnem. Flowers unisexual, in spikes or strobiles. Male flower: 
Perianth-segments 1 or 2, circumscissile. Stamen 1; filament inflexed in bud. 
Female flower: Perianth 0. Ovary 1-celled; style short. Ovules 2. Fruit a nut 
enclosed by the persistent woody bracts. Albumen 0. Leafless trees or shrubs, 
Branches articulated at the nodes where they bear 4 to many scales in a whorl. 
Series VIII.—Ordines anomali. Orders nearest allied to those of Series VII, 
Unisexuales, but not sufficiently closely so to be joined to any one of them. 
CXXVI. Sautcrnrs. Flowers dicecious, solitary under each bract of cylindrical 
catkins, more rarely in ebracteolate racemes. Perianth 0. Disc of 1-2 glands, or 
cup-shaped. Stamens 2 to many. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-4 parietal placentas, 2- to 
many-ovuled. Fruit a 2-4-valved capsule. Seeds small or minute, with silky hairs 
from the funicle, exalbuminous. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate; stipules small 
and deciduous, or leafy and persistent. 
CXXVII. Crraropnyitte®. Flowers unisexual, axillary. Perianth thinly 
herbaceous, multipartite. Stamens many. Ovary 1-celled, 1l-ovuled. Fruit a 
nutlet. Seed pendulous, exalbuminous; embryo straight. Submerged aquatic 
herbs. Stems elongated, leafy all over. Leaves verticillate, 2-fid or dichotomously 
divided into filiform or linear segments. Flowers solitary at each leaf-whorl. 
SUBDIVISION GYMNOSPERMA. 
Pollen-sacs and ovules borne on modified leaves (scales: sporophylls), which are 
grouped spirally or in whorls or pairs—or the ovules cauline, terminal and solitary— 
on separate axes of the same or of different individuals (monecious and dicecious 
species) ; the groups of sexual leaves forming, or the solitary terminal ovules entering 
into the formation of—(1) ‘‘cones’’ (strobiles: flowers) without any specialized 
envelope, although frequently subtended and in the earliest stages covered by squami- 
form cataphylls [Coniferales: Cycadales], or (2) ‘‘ florets’’ (flowers of most authors) 
with a perianth-like envelope in the g and an ovary-like envelope in the ? sex 
[G@netales]. Pollen-sacs (microsporangia: anther-cells) 2—co on the underside of the 
g scales (microsporophylls) or around the scale-stalk or grouped into ‘‘ anthers” 
borne on free or more or less fused filaments (stamens, (netales). Pollen-grains 
(microspores) on germination producing 1-3 vegetative cells (prothallium) and a very 
rudimentary antheridium which gives rise to 2 usually immotile, more rarely motile 
[Cycadales: Ginkgoales| male cells. Ovules (macro- or megasporangia) sessile or 
subsessile and borne directly or indirectly (by the intercalation of a scale-, ligule-, or 
aril-like appendage), on the upper side [most Conifere] of the expanded 9 scales 
(macro- or megasporophylls : carpels) or in direct continuation of the axis of the 
cone [some Conifere] or the floret [Gnetales], never enclosed in a mono- or poly- 
earpellary ovary with a style and stigma (hence termed ‘‘naked”’). Integument 1, 
sometimes with an accessory outer perfect or imperfect envelope (outer integument : 
aril: epimatium). Nucellus large, free from the integument only in the upper 
region, Endosperm, formed before fertilization (prothallium), filling the whole 
embryo-sac or only a portion of it [Gnetum sometimes] and apically bearing rudi- 
mentary archegonia whose egg-cells after fertilization undergo embryonic divisions 
