XVI : CONSPECTUS OF THE ORDERS. 
arranged scales (carpels: macrosporophylls) bearing 1 to many ovules at or above 
the base either directly.or on an interposed usually scale-, ligule- or aril-like 
appendage (ovuliferous scale: placenta: aril: epimatium); or the cone reduced to 
a few subterminal or 1 truly terminal ovule, supported by a number of barren scales ; 
scales variously shaped, usually much larger than the ovules and covering them, or 
smaller and the ovules more or less exserted. Ovules (macrosporangia) erect or 
reversed, usually orthotropous, rarely anatropous ; integument 1, sometimes with an 
outer covering more or less surrounding the seed, or completely enclosing it except 
at the micropyle and even fused with it (outer integument: aril: epimatium) ; 
micropyle widely open or only a minute perforation ; nucellus free upwards from 
the integument, sometimes protruding through the micropyle ; pollen-chamber 0. 
Mature cones formed of the more or less enlarged and indurated scales (and their 
appendages) euclosing the seeds (typical cones), or of more or less fleshy scales fused 
into berry-like structures (galbules) ; or (if much reduced) with the seeds exserted 
from the unchanged or modified subtending scales. Seeds erect or recurved, ovoid 
or ellipsoid, often compressed and winged by the adhesion of a portion of the 
ovuliferous appendage or by outgrowths of the testa: testa membranous, coriaceous, 
crustaceous, wingless or winged or partly (inner layer) crustaceous or woody and 
partly (outer layer) fleshy or coriaceous and the seed then drupe-like ; nucellary 
membrane thin, free from the testa except at the base. Endosperm fleshy and oily, 
rarely starchy. Embryo 1 (rarely 2 or 3), axile, erect, cylindric-clavate, usually 
slender ; cotyledons 2 to many in a whorl; radicle superior or inferior. Trees or 
shrubs, mostly evergreen and coriaceous. Leaves opposite, verticillate or spirally 
arranged, scale-like or needle-shaped, or linear, rarely lanceolate to ovate, entire, 
rarely serrulate or lobed, very often heteromorphous. Male cones terminal on short 
leafy shoots, or axillary, sessile or peduncled, usually subtended by small imbricate 
cataphylls, solitary or gathered in heads, spikes or umbels. Female cones terminal 
or axillary, solitary, rarely in clusters or spikes. 
CXXIX. Pinacez. Female cones of very numerous or few simple or appendaged 
scales, all or a part of them bearing 1-8 ovules which are always shorter than their 
scales and covered by them, when mature representing typical “‘ cones” or berry-like 
galbules. Seeds enclosed, without an aril or arilloid covering. 
CXXIXa. Taxacem. Female cones usually much reduced, consisting of some 
barren and 1 to few (uppermost) fertile simple scales, the latter bearing 1 (very 
rarely 2) ovules, or the ovule solitary and terminal, supported by barren scales ; 
ovule usually more or less exceeding its scale; mature cone little altered or its axis 
and scales becoming more or less fleshy. Seeds usually exserted, with or without an 
arilloid covering. 
CLASS III.—CYCADALES. 
Dicecious. Male cones (male strobiles: male flowers) typical. cones; scales 
(stamens: microsporophylls) flat or more often thickened upwards and up to 
cuneate-peltate, coriaceous, close, bearing on their underside numerous (often over 
100-700) pollen-saes (microsporangia), scattered or more often arranged in small 
substellate groups of 3 or 4, dehiscing longitudinally. Pollen-grains ellipsoid or 
subglobose ; generative cell producing 2 ciliate motile male cells (spermatozoids). 
Female cones (female strobiles: female flowers) similar to the male, but usually 
larger ; lower and uppermost scales (carpels: macrosporophylls) usually barren, the 
others fertile, either representing flat, toothed to pinnatifid stalked blades, bearing 
