224 
Iberia about Tiflis. Tratt. arch. 2. p. 41. t. 70. Samerària 
Arména, Desv. jour. bot. 3. p. 161. t. 25. f.6.—Buxb. cent. 1. 
p- 3. t.4. Auricles of leaves blunt. 
Armenian Woad. Fl. Ju.Jul. Clt. 1825. Pl. 1 to 14 foot. 
3 I. ratTIsYLIQUA (Stev. mem. soc. nat. mosc. 1812. vol. 3. 
p- 263.) pods elliptical, blunt, sessile, broadly marginate ; stigma 
sessile; auricles of leaves blunt. &. H. Native of Cappa- 
docia, and in the Alps about Chinalug in Eastern Caucasus. 
I. Cappadécica, Desv. journ. bot. 1814. p. 174. Pods velvety, 
from short down. 
Var. B, glabra (Stev. ind. D.C. syst. 2. p. 566.) pods smooth, 
or nearly so. 
Broad-podded Woad. Fl. Ju. Jul. Clt. 1821. Pl. 1 to 13 ft. 
4 I. xetoca’rra (D. C. syst. 2. p. 567.) pods oval-oblong, 
sessile, somewhat truncate at the apex, with a sessile stigma ; 
auricles of leaves acute. ©? H. Native on Mount Lebanon. 
Flowers a little larger than those of J. tinctoria. 
Smooth-podded Woad. Fl. May, July. PI. 14 foot. 
5 I. Lusrra‘nica (Brot. fl. lus. 1. p. 560. but not of others) 
pods obovate, wedge-shaped at the base, very blunt and emar- 
ginate at the apex, broadly marginate ; stem and leaves smooth. 
©. H. Native of Portugal, among rocks near Miranda do 
Doiro. I. glatica, Willd. herb. from Stev. obs. ind. 
Portugal Woad. Fl. May, Jul. Clt. 1739. Pl. 14 foot. 
Sect. I]. Gra’stum (from glas, the celtic word for blue ; 
because of the plants yielding a blue dye like indigo). D. C. 
syst. 2. p. 568. prod. 1. p. 210. Silicle oval-oblong, or almost 
linear, with corky margins, scarcely dehiscent. 
6 I. arri Na (All. ped. no. 944. t. 86. f. 2.) pods oval-oblong, 
blunt at both ends, quite smooth, with somewhat leafy-winged 
margins, almost 3-times as long as broad. 2? ¢.H. Native 
of Piedmont on Mount Vesulo, and in the Apennines. A very 
distinct species, intermediate between the two sections. 
Alpine Woad. FI. April, May. Clt. 1800. Pl. 3 to 1 foot. 
7 I. pre#'cox (Kit. from Tratt. arch. 2. p. 40. t. 68.) pods 
elliptical, blunt at both ends, with a coriaceous, winged margin, 
very smooth, almost 3-times as long as broad. ¢.H. Native 
of Hungary and about Astrakan. I. Dalmatica, Mill. dict. no. 
2.? Habit of plant very like 7. tinctéria, but easily distinguished 
from it by the pods being scarcely narrower at the base, but truly 
elliptical. 
Early-flowering Woad. Fl. Apr. May. Clt. 1820. Pl. 14 ft. 
8 I. xirrora‘zis (D. C. syst. 2. p. 568.) pods oblong-cuneated, 
very blunt, truncately-emarginate at the apex, very smooth, 
narrowed at the base, 3-times as long as broad ; cells exserted on 
both sides, and with the furrow distinct from the wing. &. H. 
Native of Tauria on the sea-shore about Sudak. I. littoralis, a, 
Stev. in litt. Deless. icon. sel. 2. t. 78. Flowers like those of 
I. tinctoria. 
Sea-shore Woad. Fl. May, Jul. Clt. 1816. Pl. 1 to 2 feet. 
9 I. uepeca’rra (D. C. syst. 2. p. 569.) pods oblong-cuneated, 
very blunt, velvety, somewhat narrower at the base, hardly twice 
as long as broad; cells destitute of the lateral furrow. &. H. 
Native of Tauria on the sea-shore, about Sudak. Deless. icon. 
sel. 2. t.79. I. littoralis, var. 3, Stev. in litt. 
Blunt-podded Woad. Fl. May, June. Clt. 1627. Pl. 12 ft. 
10 I. trncro‘rta (Lin. spec. 936.) pods cuneated, acuminated 
at the base, somewhat spatulate at the end, very blunt, smooth, 
3-times as long as broad; leaves biauriculate at the base. 
©. H. Native of south and middle Europe in dry stony 
places from Spain and Sicily to the shores of the Baltic sea, also, 
but probably introduced, in the Canary Islands and Eastern Asia, 
in cultivated land. In England in cultivated fields and about 
their borders, but rare. At New Barnes near Ely, and near 
Durham. Smith, engl. bot. t. 97. Mart. fl. rust. t.41. Schkuhr. 
CRUCIFERAE. LXXVII. Isats. 
handb. 2. no. 1921. t. 188. Tratt. arch. 2. p. 39. t. 67. I. he- 
terocárpa, Andrz ? ` 
Var. B, sativa (D. C. syst. 2. p. 570.) leaves smooth, broad. 
I. satìva, Fusch. hist. 331. icon. Dod. pempt. 79. f. 2. Dalech. 
lugd. 499. f. 2. This is the variety which is cultivated for use. 
Var. y, hirsùta (D.C. 1. c.) leaves narrow, hairy. I. alpina, 
Vill. dauph. 3. p. 308, exclusive of the synonyms. Native of 
exposed rocky situations. 
Var. 6, microcarpa (D.C. 1. c.) leaves smooth, narrow ; pods 
smaller. I. DalmAtica, Mill. dict. no. 2.? Native on Mount 
Lebanon. 
The common dyers’ woad was formerly called glastum, 
from the Celtic glas, blue, whence Glastonbury derived its 
name. The ancient Britons are reported to have painted their 
bodies with the blue colour obtained from this plant, whence 
they received their appellation Britho, being the Celtic word for 
to paint, hence Britons. .The Picts were so named by the 
Romans for the same reason. On account of the brightness of its 
manufactured colours, the Celts called it gwed (guesde in 
French to this day) whence the Anglo Saxons obtained their 
name of waad or wad, and the English the word woad. It is in 
occasional cultivation for its leaves, from which a dye, as a sub- 
stitute for indigo, is obtained. The seeds are sown on well-pre- 
pared land in good heart. Fresh broken old pasture-land is 
preferred, and the great object is to have large leaves ; for 
which purpose, as Miller observes, the culture given by the best 
gardeners to spinach should be imitated, that of sowing ona 
very rich well pulverised soil, thinning the plants so as they may 
not touch each other, keeping them perfectly clear of weeds, and 
frequently stirring the soil between the plants. The culture 
applied to the turnip in Northumberland would succeed well 
with woad. The seeds are sown in July, and the plants, when 
they come up, weeded and thinned; next July, or earlier, the 
first crop of leaves may be gathered, and two or three others will 
be obtained during the season. The end of the second year 
the plants may be ploughed down, as the third year they will run 
to seed, and yield but small leaves. The leaves are pressed, 
and the juice treated as in making indigo, but such is the cheap- 
ness of the latter article, that no British farmer can afford to 
raise any sort of substitute. 
“ The culture of woad, though not general, has been practised 
in Flanders. It was an object with the French government to 
spread the cultivation of it, and a considerable quantity of the 
seed was sent gratis into the country for that purpose. Woad 
thrives best on sandy and gravelly soils, which must be well pul- 
verised, manured, and formed into beds as in the case of madder 
culture. It is sown in March or April in rows, or broad-cast, 
and harrowed or covered with a rake. All weeds are cleared, 
away and the plants thinned, if a careful culture is followed. 
The leaves are the part of the plant used by the indigo manu- 
facturer. They should be gathered singly, like those of spinach, 
as soon as they begin to show signs of maturity, and the mature 
leaves taken off from time to time as they grow. This operation 
goes on from June to September in the first year, and from June 
to August in the second; when the plant, being a biennial, shoots 
into flower-stems. The leaves are fermented, and the dye pre- 
cipitated from the liquor and dried, &c. in a manner analogous 
to what is practised in India with indigo, but with great improve- 
ments, made at the instigation of the French government, which 
m 1810 called forth the process described in a French work, and 
translated in the Appendix to Radclift’s Report. At present 1t 
Is to be considered more as matter of curious historical infor- 
mation or of local adoption than of general utility ; because 
no mode of cultivating or preparing woad could bring it into 
competition, either in the European or American market with in- 
digo.” (Loud. enc, agr. p. 81.) 
~ mo a ee 
